Unni Cathrine Eiken February 2005

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(2- 3) Discourse referents: x y DRS conditions: Jones (x) Ulysses (y) x owns y Upon entering (2-2b) into the DRS, a series of actions must be performed to calculate which entities in the DRS the two pronouns of sentence (2-2b) refer to. In the case of the sentences in (2-2), where the DRS only contains two members, this can be determined on the basis of gender agreement. The updated DRS will appear as in (2-4) below. (2- 4) Discourse referents: x y u v DRS conditions: Jones (x) Ulysses (y) x owns y u = y v = x u fascinates v DRT offers a framework for creating and storing semantic representations of the meaning conveyed in a natural language discourse. The theory does not, however, offer a means to identify the referent for ambiguous anaphors, or for anaphors which require real-world knowledge in the process of determining their referents. 2.1.1.2 Binding Theory Binding Theory (BT) is a theoretical framework that describes syntactic conditions for intrasentential anaphoric linking. BT offers conditions for whether a nominal expression can, must, or must not be linked to another nominal in the sentence. Within BT, reflexive pronouns and reciprocals are termed anaphors, while non-reflexive pronouns are called pronouns or pronominals. This understanding of these terms will also be used in the following, when 10
eferring to BT. The NP which is linked to by an anaphor or pronoun is for BT purposes the binder of the anaphor or pronoun. In example (2-5), he is the binder of himself, while himself is bound by he. (2- 5) He hurt himself. Chomsky’s binding theory has three principles, shown in (2-6) below (after Chomsky 1981, in Asudeh and Dalrymple 2004). (2- 6) A. An anaphor (reflexive or reciprocal) must be bound in its local domain. B. A pronominal (nonreflexive pronoun) must not be bound in its local domain. C. A nonpronoun must not be bound. The implications of these principles, as well as that of local domain, is exemplified by example (2-7). In (2-7a) the subclause the thief hurt himself constitutes the local domain for the anaphor himself. As, according to principle A above, the anaphor can only be bound in its local domain, the noun phrase the sergeant is not a possible binder. In (2-7b), the pronominal him must not (cannot) be bound in its local domain, and can therefore be bound to the noun phrase the sergeant. The pronominal must, however, not be bound to a noun phrase expressed in the sentence, but can refer to a discourse referent not mentioned in the sentence. (2- 7) a. The sergeant said that the thief hurt himself. b. The sergeant said that the thief hurt him. The fact that not all possible candidates in a syntactic domain can be binders is maintained by the requirement stating that the binder must be in a structurally dominant position to the entity to be bound. This ensures that the noun phrase the police cannot be the binder of the pronoun himself in example (2-8). 11
Page 1 and 2: University of Bergen Section for li
Page 3 and 4: Preface The project presented in th
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION AN
Page 7 and 8: 1 Introduction and problem statemen
Page 9 and 10: patterns found in a text collection
Page 11 and 12: The results obtained in this projec
Page 13 and 14: The term anaphor describes a lingui
Page 15: 2.1.1.1 Discourse representation th
Page 19 and 20: esolution system will not be able t
Page 21 and 22: (2- 12) REC SUBJ EXIST OBJ IND-OBJ
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1 17
Page 25 and 26: means that the algorithm would prop
Page 27 and 28: for an overview). Many of these sys
Page 29 and 30: (2- 15) a. Politiet etterlyste i da
Page 31 and 32: section. The theory dates back to t
Page 33 and 34: 2.2.2 Different types of context So
Page 35 and 36: neighbours. For example, a target w
Page 37 and 38: with it. Selectional constraints al
Page 39 and 40: 3 From text to EPAS - the extractio
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Predicate-argument structures "
Page 43 and 44: speaker flexibility with regards to
Page 45 and 46: and woman occur together both in su
Page 47 and 48: occur with. Arguments which are unl
Page 49 and 50: 3.3.1 NorGram in outline Norsk komp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3 The most useful structure
Page 53 and 54: 3.4 Altering the source As already
Page 55 and 56: (3- 12) (3- 13) Politiet leter ette
Page 57 and 58: ARG1 and ARG2 arrays display a valu
Page 59 and 60: (3- 20) Anne Slåtten bodde i et st
Page 61 and 62: value and highly desirable. As such
Page 63 and 64: this project, this can be interpret
Page 65 and 66: The process of classifying the cons
Page 67 and 68:
There are several different distanc
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. ankomme,etterforsker,?,? ankomme,
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Test 2 Training set: EPAS_arg1 with
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The training and test material was
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• level 0: words which co-occur w
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(4- 9) avklare,obduksjon,? bede-om,
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(4-10) below shows the output for t
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In the introduction to this chapter
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the EPAS can be used in the classif
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exemption of jobbe-utfra, none of t
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antecedent for (4-15a). In the case
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Figure 7 Interestingly enough, howe
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When testing on knowledge-dependent
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Firth, J. R. (1957): A synopsis of
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Appendix A: Ekstraktor.pl - algorit
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finnARG2(); This function has exact
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#legger lest linje inn i @prt derso
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sub fjernEP{ #fjerner elementer fra
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} splice(@ARGx); $imax = @ARG3ep; @
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} else{ } } } push(@liste, $ARG0ep[
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101 Appendix C: the EPAS list 23-å
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103 obdusere,,kvinne observere,,23-
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Appendix D: Text aligned with EPAS
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eventualiteter. Vi varslet Kripos.
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Etterforskerne har flere observasjo
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# Subrutine som tar inn argumentnum
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Appendix F: POS-based structures SE
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Vi har ingen spesiell teori som vi
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Unni Cathrine Eiken February 2005

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