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The Hague; Wolter Schonenborch, former burgemeester of Groningen; and Karel Roorda, son of an influential leader of the Dutch revolt and deputy to the States General from Vriesland. 63 Their collective accreditation insured that the interests of each province were represented during the meetings of the Heren XIX. Notably, none of these delegates was actively involved in trade. By contrast, the delegates who represented the company’s five chambers were predominantly merchants. Leading the delegation from Zeeland, and present throughout the proceedings, were Jan Louys and David Baute (1588-1657). 64 Almost nothing is known about Jan Louys: a resident of Middelburg and member of the city's reformed church, his name appears in company records for the first time in 1633, when he was appointed as a director. 65 During the verhoging (literally “augmentation”) organized to raise additional private capital for the company between 1636-1637, he subscribed for 3,200 guilders. 66 This implied an initial investment of 9,600 guilders, easily enough to cross the 4,000 guilders threshold required to be eligible for a directorship. Beyond this the records are silent, save a short entry in the records of the Middelburg orphanage. 67 When Louys’ wife died in 1635, the influential city magistrate Pieter van Essen accompanied him to register a new guardian for his remaining children. For this responsibility he selected Marten Halewyn, a merchant from Amsterdam and brother of a director in the Amsterdam chamber of the WIC. These scant details suggest that Louys was a wealthy merchant with many years service to the company and good connections within                                                          63 "Jacob Veth" in Repertorium van ambtsdragers en ambtenaren 1428-1861. http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/Repertorium/app/personen/6804. Accessed April 12, 2012. "Carel van Roorda" in Repertorium van ambtsdragers en ambtenaren 1428-1861. http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/Repertorium/app/personen/4202. Accessed April 12, 2012. 64 Louys and Baute signed the invitations to attend the meeting and chaired the committee within the Zeeland chamber to draft the agenda. NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 26. 65 NA 1.01.04, inv.nr. 5753. 66 NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 77, entry for September 9, 1636. 67 Zeeuwsarchief, 10, inv.nr. 155a Weeskamer Middelburg, Journael begghinende met xiiii Feb 1633 Inden xxviii September 1639, entry for April 4, 1635.   63
Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous elite. 68 He must also have been somewhat advanced in years, since the leader of the chamber's delegation to the Heren XIX was by custom also its most senior member. 69 About David Baute far more is known, for shortly before he died he composed a detailed account of his life to serve as a guide for his children, a copy of which was discovered in the nineteenth century when the Dutch sold Elmina Castle to Britain. 70 Though a merchant for more than forty years, Baute's experience was hardly confined to the mundane exchange of goods. Born in 1588 to a wealthy family of jewelry merchants in the city of Antwerp, his parents sent him to Middelburg in 1604 to serve as a clerk. Five years later, when the Dutch Republic and Spain signed the Twelve Years' Truce, Baute moved to Seville to apprentice with a local merchant; when the Truce expired in 1621 he took over from a merchant from Amsterdam who was living in Spain and established his own business. 71 This proved to be increasingly difficult amidst rising anti-Dutch sentiment. In 1624 Baute's name was discovered on a Dutch ship sailing under the Spanish flag and, despite his denials, he was accused of trading with the enemy and sentenced to torture. This he described in intimate detail: after being forced to undress, his hands were tied with rope, the ends of which were attached to a metal bar and successively tightened by the executioner, “so that they cut to the bone.” 72 This lasted for more than seven hours before                                                          68 On the Middelburg elite, see Frederik Nagtglas, Levensberichten van Zeeuwen, 2 vols. (Middelburg: J. C. & W. Altorffer, 1890-93). 69 This practice was borrowed from the Heren XVII of the East India Company. Van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie, 249-250. 70 This text is Baute, Cort Relaas Sedert Den Jare 1609; Frederik Nagtglas, “David Baute, Een Bladzidje uit de Handelsgeschiedenis der 17de Eeuw,” Tijdschrift Voor Staathuishoudkunde En Statistiek 27 (1869): 374–403; J. H. Kluiver, “David Baute, Een Zeeuws Koopman-Avonturier uit de Zeventiende Eeuw,” Zeeland Jaargang 1 (December 1991): 6–13. 71 Kluiver, “David Baute, Een Zeeuws Koopman-Avonturier uit de Zeventiende Eeuw.” 72 Baute, Cort Relaas sedert den Jare 1609, 24. “Sijnde nu geheel naakt, alleenelijk aangehouden hebbende mijn linne onderbroek, wiert ik den scherprechter overgelevert, die mij brocht bij een ijsere traillie, mijnen rugge daaraanvoegende, wiert ik vast met touwen minder dan een kleijne vinger dik, bloot gebonden. Den beul namp mijn armen, en leijden se over malcanderen, daaraan leggende den eersten tour, de touwe ofte coorde vast gemaakt sijnde aan eenen stok gelijk de packers gebruiken, die hij in beyde sijn handen bleeff houdende. Settende sijnevoeten op   64
Page 1 and 2:
GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
Page 11 and 12:
List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
Page 13 and 14:
Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
Page 17 and 18:
nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
Page 21 and 22:
Although the VOC frequently used vi
Page 23 and 24: Van Dillen argued that over time th
Page 25 and 26: the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
Page 27 and 28: anxieties it generated, and what pl
Page 29 and 30: capital from Zeeland in the south a
Page 31 and 32: number of document series within th
Page 33 and 34: character of Dutch political instit
Page 35 and 36: Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
Page 37 and 38: ecords must be traced backwards—a
Page 39 and 40: of note.” 93 But it is clear that
Page 41 and 42: formative periods in the company’
Page 43 and 44: enhance the role of central authori
Page 45 and 46: trade in which the company had only
Page 47 and 48: 5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
Page 49 and 50: 1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
Page 51 and 52: period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
Page 53 and 54: at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
Page 55 and 56: the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
Page 57 and 58: Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
Page 59 and 60: year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
Page 61 and 62: the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
Page 63 and 64: ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
Page 65 and 66: On Wednesday, the same day the ship
Page 67 and 68: with subtle differences of fact and
Page 69 and 70: The group consisted of Henderick Sc
Page 71 and 72: XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
Page 73: Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
Page 77 and 78: Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
Page 79 and 80: crucial role that he played in its
Page 81 and 82: When the meeting resumed on Monday
Page 83 and 84: and to steer the discussion towards
Page 85 and 86: were chosen from among the ranks of
Page 87 and 88: emphasized the considerable sums in
Page 89 and 90: 4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
Page 91 and 92: devote myself to my books.” 129 A
Page 93 and 94: interests were adequately represent
Page 95 and 96: De Laet's substantive work in the A
Page 97 and 98: that, even at the beginning, De Lae
Page 99 and 100: De Laet’s presence at the meeting
Page 101 and 102: confessions under interrogation and
Page 103 and 104: Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
Page 105 and 106: Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
Page 107 and 108: peaceful settlement along the fring
Page 109 and 110: By analyzing the successive changes
Page 111 and 112: convene in Amsterdam; the following
Page 113 and 114: This formulation, which must previo
Page 115 and 116: Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
Page 117 and 118: (1566-1626), later burgemeester of
Page 119 and 120: placed next to his description of t
Page 121 and 122: That these two provisions remained
Page 123 and 124: provinces. The creation of the WIC
Page 125 and 126:
The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
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servants. These individuals may not
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At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
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Why did these candidates all refuse
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Alexander's name was almost certain
Page 165 and 166:
None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
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Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
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On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
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with the WIC presumably did not go
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Haecx recorded in his diary that on
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wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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privately to Brazil, legally or ill
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1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
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left relatively open. 6 Where monop
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community saw greater profits in pr
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and close trade to private merchant
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trouble paying its bills, especiall
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means to capitalize the company wit
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director than his trade to Brazil,
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With the verhoging stalled, and ani
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e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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“walking the land half-naked” f
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While the resolution as a whole sho
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along with the two powerful Amsterd
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Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
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this measure, he said, “no one in
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maintaining the company's solvency,
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colony, overestimated the number of
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And Maurits offered another argumen
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Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
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Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
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exclude private merchants from the
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clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
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expedition's success, along with de
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trading locations on the Gold Coast
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directly from New Netherland, and s
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over trade was simply the projectio
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the area in which the company was b
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had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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to the Dutch state, and that this d
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ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
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ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
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expenses at each of the company's c
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included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
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calculations yielded a profit of 41
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notes on these documents, suggest t
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It was, of course, a fiction. With
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to hang from the body [...] This sh
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van West-Indien (New World, or a De
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title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260:
It occurred to me that these miracu
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third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
Page 263 and 264:
This extraordinary conclusion might
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enemy” and the positive effects o
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appeared in the late 1630s in the c
Page 269 and 270:
versus settlement. He was also more
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An exceptionally cold winter delaye
Page 273 and 274:
failure of Dutch imperialism from t
Page 275 and 276:
that focuses on political and imper
Page 277 and 278:
support to the WIC, but they also i
Page 279 and 280:
Maurits predicted and which was not
Page 281 and 282:
British Library Additional Manuscri
Page 283 and 284:
Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
Page 285 and 286:
Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288:
Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290:
Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292:
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
Page 293:
1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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