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masters for Brazil; means to improve the slave trade from Angola and the trade in general along the northern coast of Guinea; a review of outstanding subsidies owed to the company by the various provincial assemblies; payment to the militia in Brazil; resolution to the management of New Netherland and Curaçao; a report from the committee charged with examining recent mineral discoveries; arrangements to sell a large quantity of dye woods from Brazil; and planning for how to handle the increase in private traders operating illegally within the charter area. All of these issues ultimately would be addressed at the meeting. To gather a sense of the affair, it helps to know who attended. While scholars often mention the WIC’s role in the war with Spain and its responsibility for establishing settlements, they invariably assume that the company’s directors were sober merchants, for whom matters of trade and profit were of paramount importance. 58 In fact the picture is more complicated, as a short review of the biographies of several individuals makes clear. The delegation from the States General, for example, was made up largely of aristocrats and city magistrates. 59 Its senior member was supposed to be Hendrick van der Capellen, a nobleman from Gelderland who had close connections to the Prince of Orange and for several years had served on the committee in The Hague responsible for affairs related to the WIC. 60 He did not appear in Middelburg, however, and so was replaced by Johan van der Camer (d. 1657), a member of the Haarlem city council and, from 1643, a delegate to the Gecommitteerde Raden (Executive Council) for South Holland. 61 The other members of the delegation, each representing one of the seven provinces, included Jacob Veth, Pensionaris of the city of Middelburg and Zeeland's permanent deputy at                                                          58 Dillen, “De West-Indische Compagnie, het Calvinism en de Politiek,” 157. 59 NA 1.01.07, inv.nr. 12564.17, no. 20, fol. 1. 60 On Van der Capellen, see P.C. Molhuysen, ed., Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff’s Uitgevers-Maatschappij, 1911-37), vol. 8, 250. 61 "Johan van der Camer" in Repertorium van ambtsdragers en ambtenaren 1428-1861. http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/Repertorium/app/personen/3989. Accessed April 12, 2012.   61
Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn. den 9 September 1645 Sessie genommen als volcht (In the name of the Lord, amen. Saturday, September 9, 1645. The session proceeded as follows) De Heeren Gecommitteerde van de Hooge Mogende Heeren Staten General der Vereenichde Nederlanden (Representatives of the High and Mighty States General of the United Netherlands)   62 Coenraedt Ruisch Jan van den Cameren Mr. Jacob Veth Gisbert van der Hoolck Wolther van Schonenburgh Zeelandt Jan Louys Amsterdam Joan de Laeth Amsterdam Joan Raey, Ferdinande Schuylenb. Zeelandt David Baute Cornelis Dackers, assessor Amsterdam Jeronimus Hestersz. Maze Alewyn Halewyn Nicholaes ten Hove Noort Hollandt Floris Huigh Amsterdam Mr. Jacob Hamel Zeelandt Adriaen van Hecke Groeningen niet gecompareert (did not appear) Amsterdam Johan Lethoor Adriaen van Eede, assessor Zeelandt Nicholaes van der Marckt Amsterdam Isaach van Beeck Maze Jacob Velthuise Amsterdam Bonavontura Braen Noort Hollandt Claes Simonsen Dolphyn Groeningen Thobias Iddekinge Amsterdam Johan van Halewyn Table 1. Delegates to the fall 1645 meeting of the Heren XIX. 62                                                          62 Transcribed from NA 1.01.07, inv.nr. 12564.17, no. 20, fols. 1-53. Resolutien van de vergadering van de Heren XIX te Middelburg, 9 September-16 Oktober, 1645. See also Illustration 3.
Page 1 and 2:
GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract This dissertation takes a
Page 5 and 6:
IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
Page 21 and 22: Although the VOC frequently used vi
Page 23 and 24: Van Dillen argued that over time th
Page 25 and 26: the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
Page 27 and 28: anxieties it generated, and what pl
Page 29 and 30: capital from Zeeland in the south a
Page 31 and 32: number of document series within th
Page 33 and 34: character of Dutch political instit
Page 35 and 36: Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
Page 37 and 38: ecords must be traced backwards—a
Page 39 and 40: of note.” 93 But it is clear that
Page 41 and 42: formative periods in the company’
Page 43 and 44: enhance the role of central authori
Page 45 and 46: trade in which the company had only
Page 47 and 48: 5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
Page 49 and 50: 1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
Page 51 and 52: period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
Page 53 and 54: at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
Page 55 and 56: the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
Page 57 and 58: Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
Page 59 and 60: year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
Page 61 and 62: the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
Page 63 and 64: ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
Page 65 and 66: On Wednesday, the same day the ship
Page 67 and 68: with subtle differences of fact and
Page 69 and 70: The group consisted of Henderick Sc
Page 71: XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
Page 75 and 76: Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
Page 77 and 78: Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
Page 79 and 80: crucial role that he played in its
Page 81 and 82: When the meeting resumed on Monday
Page 83 and 84: and to steer the discussion towards
Page 85 and 86: were chosen from among the ranks of
Page 87 and 88: emphasized the considerable sums in
Page 89 and 90: 4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
Page 91 and 92: devote myself to my books.” 129 A
Page 93 and 94: interests were adequately represent
Page 95 and 96: De Laet's substantive work in the A
Page 97 and 98: that, even at the beginning, De Lae
Page 99 and 100: De Laet’s presence at the meeting
Page 101 and 102: confessions under interrogation and
Page 103 and 104: Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
Page 105 and 106: Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
Page 107 and 108: peaceful settlement along the fring
Page 109 and 110: By analyzing the successive changes
Page 111 and 112: convene in Amsterdam; the following
Page 113 and 114: This formulation, which must previo
Page 115 and 116: Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
Page 117 and 118: (1566-1626), later burgemeester of
Page 119 and 120: placed next to his description of t
Page 121 and 122: That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
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The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
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servants. These individuals may not
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At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
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Why did these candidates all refuse
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Alexander's name was almost certain
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None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
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Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
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On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
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with the WIC presumably did not go
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Haecx recorded in his diary that on
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wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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privately to Brazil, legally or ill
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1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
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left relatively open. 6 Where monop
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community saw greater profits in pr
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and close trade to private merchant
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trouble paying its bills, especiall
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means to capitalize the company wit
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director than his trade to Brazil,
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With the verhoging stalled, and ani
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e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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“walking the land half-naked” f
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While the resolution as a whole sho
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along with the two powerful Amsterd
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Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
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this measure, he said, “no one in
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maintaining the company's solvency,
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colony, overestimated the number of
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And Maurits offered another argumen
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Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
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Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
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exclude private merchants from the
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clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
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expedition's success, along with de
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trading locations on the Gold Coast
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directly from New Netherland, and s
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over trade was simply the projectio
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the area in which the company was b
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had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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to the Dutch state, and that this d
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ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
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ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
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expenses at each of the company's c
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included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
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calculations yielded a profit of 41
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notes on these documents, suggest t
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It was, of course, a fiction. With
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to hang from the body [...] This sh
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van West-Indien (New World, or a De
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title page of the revised edition a
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It occurred to me that these miracu
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third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
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This extraordinary conclusion might
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enemy” and the positive effects o
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appeared in the late 1630s in the c
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versus settlement. He was also more
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An exceptionally cold winter delaye
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failure of Dutch imperialism from t
Page 275 and 276:
that focuses on political and imper
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support to the WIC, but they also i
Page 279 and 280:
Maurits predicted and which was not
Page 281 and 282:
British Library Additional Manuscri
Page 283 and 284:
Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
Page 285 and 286:
Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288:
Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290:
Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292:
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
Page 293:
1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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