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“various papers concerning that subject.” 40 Documents in the archive of the States General make clear that these papers included the secret letter from the Hoge Raad and a selection of excerpts from their secret minutes. 41 Cornelis Musch (ca. 1592-1650), the notoriously corrupt secretary to the States General, noted on their letter of credentials that these papers were to be handed over to a committee consisting of Jacob Veth (d. 1667), Coenraad Ruisch (1583-1656), and Wolter Schonenborch, all of whom previously had been selected to attend the upcoming meetings of the Heren XIX on behalf of the States General. 42 This committee reviewed the secret documents and spoke at length with the three directors from Zeeland before reporting back to the States General as a whole. Evidently, the discussions did not progress very far, for the States General resolved only that the matter should be referred to the Heren XIX for resolution. 43 While in The Hague the three directors sent a letter to the Amsterdam chamber informing them of the news and, on their return, stopped in all three cities that made up the Maas chamber—Delft, Rotterdam, and Dordrecht. When they returned to Middelburg on September 6, they found the second delegation already back from Eekelo. This delegation had been “favorably received” by the Prince of Orange, who promised to write to the States General and the provinces to urge them to pay the subsidies they owed the company so that military assistance could be organized as quickly as possible. 44 There is probably no way to know how fast the news spread by word of mouth, or how many people may have seen either the originals or copies of the documents enclosed in the generale missiven. But it is possible to trace the spread of the most closely guarded documents.                                                          40 NA 1.01.03, inv.nr. 4845, entry for September 2, 1645. “eerste by monde gecognosenteerde deselvere gelegentheyt van de Saecken der Conquesten in Brasyl, & vervolgens staende vergaderinge aen haer ho: mo: overgeleeverdt verscheyden pampieren dat subject raeckende.” 41 NA 1.01.04, inv.nr. 5758. 42 NA 1.01.03, inv.nr. 4845, entry for August 15, 1645. On Musch, see Knevel, Het Haagse Bureau, chapter 5, "Een Zeventiende-eeuwse Catalina," 123-144. 43 NA 1.01.03, inv.nr. 4845, entry for September 4, 1645. 44 NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 26, fol. 108.   53
On Wednesday, the same day the ship arrived at the port of Middelburg, these were shared with as many of the Zeeland chamber's fourteen directors as were present on that day. By Friday the documents had reached the Prince of Orange and his military court; by Saturday they reached the States General in The Hague. They probably reached Amsterdam the same day or early the next day, Sunday, September 3. The news would have reached Delft, Rotterdam, and Dordrecht no later than Monday, September 4, and probably considerably earlier. It thus took fewer than six days for company officials in three of the five chambers, and representatives of all seven provinces in the Republic, to learn in detail about the events in Brazil, either by letter or directly from a director of the Zeeland chamber. Given Zeeland’s geographic location, some two days travel from The Hague and three from Amsterdam, this is remarkable. More remarkable, though, was the speed with which news of the revolt reached the Amsterdam press. Since 1618, Jan van Hilten’s Courante uyt Italien en Duytslandt, &c. and Broer Jansz.’s Tijdinghe uyt verscheyde Quartieren each had appeared once a week on Saturday. 45 On September 2—just three days after the ships arrived in Middelburg, and the same day that the directors from Zeeland met with the States General in The Hague—both papers ran stories about the revolt in Brazil. 46 The stories themselves were in general quite similar, but                                                          45 Folke Dahl, “Amsterdam Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the First Dutch and French Corantos,” 171–185. 46 Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Film C1104, Courante uyt Italien en Duytsch-landt, &c. Printed for Jan van Hilton, Amsterdam, No. 35, September 2, 1645; Film C1101, Tijdinghe uyt verscheyde quartieren, No. 35 dated 2 September 1645. The text in the Courante reads, “Alle Dorpen in Brasil beginnen [ha]er teghen ons op te setten/ door dien de meeste Singoores van de Ingenios de Ingesetenen tot haer devoti[...] bracht hebben/ waer mede sy marcheren en[...] soecken aen verscheyde Quartieren te over[...] haer vournemen is dus [..] Jodes ghe[...] derlijk ontdeckt/ ende hadden voorgh[...] ons op de 24 deserre overvallen/ door middel van seker Bruyloft van een van de voornaemste portugesen/ ende souden daer op ghenoodight hebben heeren hoogen Raden/ van de Justitie/ het Collegie ende veel andere/ 't welck sulcks gheschiedt zynde/ souden de selve vermoort/ desselfs cleederen aenghetrocken/ ende daer op dese Vestinghe aengetast hebben; maer Godt heeft ons daer van bewaert/ ende is den 28 daer over een Dancksegginghe ghedaen: De Burgheren ende Inwoonderen zyn alhier ghemonstert ende 1800 streck bevonden/ gheresolveert voor 't Vaderlandt te vechten. Vele Duytschen komen op het Recijf ghevlucht.” The text in the Tijdinghe reads, “Drie Schepen in 't last van Juny (te weten de Moor, het Hart, en Groote Gerrit) van Brasil afgevaren/ zyn in Zeelant wel gearriveert/ brengen tijdinge dat twee van de grootste Schepen/ die al gheladen waren/ daer noch bleven/ door dien sy het volck daer wilden behouden/ om oorsake datter een Conspiratie van de   54
Page 1 and 2:
GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract This dissertation takes a
Page 5 and 6:
IV. “In the Service of Merchants
Page 7 and 8:
for making the archive such an enjo
Page 9 and 10:
Institute for International and Reg
Page 11 and 12:
List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
Page 13 and 14: Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
Page 15 and 16: eported to have said; any money sen
Page 17 and 18: nexus of commerce and power for whi
Page 19 and 20: Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
Page 21 and 22: Although the VOC frequently used vi
Page 23 and 24: Van Dillen argued that over time th
Page 25 and 26: the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
Page 27 and 28: anxieties it generated, and what pl
Page 29 and 30: capital from Zeeland in the south a
Page 31 and 32: number of document series within th
Page 33 and 34: character of Dutch political instit
Page 35 and 36: Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
Page 37 and 38: ecords must be traced backwards—a
Page 39 and 40: of note.” 93 But it is clear that
Page 41 and 42: formative periods in the company’
Page 43 and 44: enhance the role of central authori
Page 45 and 46: trade in which the company had only
Page 47 and 48: 5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
Page 49 and 50: 1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
Page 51 and 52: period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
Page 53 and 54: at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
Page 55 and 56: the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
Page 57 and 58: Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
Page 59 and 60: year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
Page 61 and 62: the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
Page 63: ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
Page 67 and 68: with subtle differences of fact and
Page 69 and 70: The group consisted of Henderick Sc
Page 71 and 72: XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
Page 73 and 74: Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
Page 75 and 76: Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
Page 77 and 78: Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
Page 79 and 80: crucial role that he played in its
Page 81 and 82: When the meeting resumed on Monday
Page 83 and 84: and to steer the discussion towards
Page 85 and 86: were chosen from among the ranks of
Page 87 and 88: emphasized the considerable sums in
Page 89 and 90: 4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
Page 91 and 92: devote myself to my books.” 129 A
Page 93 and 94: interests were adequately represent
Page 95 and 96: De Laet's substantive work in the A
Page 97 and 98: that, even at the beginning, De Lae
Page 99 and 100: De Laet’s presence at the meeting
Page 101 and 102: confessions under interrogation and
Page 103 and 104: Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
Page 105 and 106: Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
Page 107 and 108: peaceful settlement along the fring
Page 109 and 110: By analyzing the successive changes
Page 111 and 112: convene in Amsterdam; the following
Page 113 and 114: This formulation, which must previo
Page 115 and 116:
Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
Page 119 and 120:
placed next to his description of t
Page 121 and 122:
That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
Page 125 and 126:
The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
Page 135 and 136:
Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
Page 143 and 144:
Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
Page 147 and 148:
important military, administrative,
Page 149 and 150:
noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
Page 153 and 154:
the council's size and authority, d
Page 155 and 156:
servants. These individuals may not
Page 157 and 158:
At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
Page 161 and 162:
Why did these candidates all refuse
Page 163 and 164:
Alexander's name was almost certain
Page 165 and 166:
None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
Page 169 and 170:
Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
Page 171 and 172:
On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
Page 175 and 176:
with the WIC presumably did not go
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Haecx recorded in his diary that on
Page 179 and 180:
wavered, for De Laet, who was many
Page 181 and 182:
privately to Brazil, legally or ill
Page 183 and 184:
1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
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left relatively open. 6 Where monop
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community saw greater profits in pr
Page 189 and 190:
and close trade to private merchant
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trouble paying its bills, especiall
Page 193 and 194:
means to capitalize the company wit
Page 195 and 196:
director than his trade to Brazil,
Page 197 and 198:
With the verhoging stalled, and ani
Page 199 and 200:
e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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“walking the land half-naked” f
Page 203 and 204:
While the resolution as a whole sho
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along with the two powerful Amsterd
Page 207 and 208:
Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
Page 209 and 210:
this measure, he said, “no one in
Page 211 and 212:
maintaining the company's solvency,
Page 213 and 214:
colony, overestimated the number of
Page 215 and 216:
And Maurits offered another argumen
Page 217 and 218:
Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
Page 219 and 220:
Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
Page 221 and 222:
exclude private merchants from the
Page 223 and 224:
clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
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expedition's success, along with de
Page 227 and 228:
trading locations on the Gold Coast
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directly from New Netherland, and s
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over trade was simply the projectio
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the area in which the company was b
Page 235 and 236:
had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
Page 237 and 238:
to the Dutch state, and that this d
Page 239 and 240:
ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
Page 241 and 242:
ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
Page 243 and 244:
expenses at each of the company's c
Page 245 and 246:
included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
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calculations yielded a profit of 41
Page 249 and 250:
notes on these documents, suggest t
Page 251 and 252:
It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254:
to hang from the body [...] This sh
Page 255 and 256:
van West-Indien (New World, or a De
Page 257 and 258:
title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260:
It occurred to me that these miracu
Page 261 and 262:
third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
Page 263 and 264:
This extraordinary conclusion might
Page 265 and 266:
enemy” and the positive effects o
Page 267 and 268:
appeared in the late 1630s in the c
Page 269 and 270:
versus settlement. He was also more
Page 271 and 272:
An exceptionally cold winter delaye
Page 273 and 274:
failure of Dutch imperialism from t
Page 275 and 276:
that focuses on political and imper
Page 277 and 278:
support to the WIC, but they also i
Page 279 and 280:
Maurits predicted and which was not
Page 281 and 282:
British Library Additional Manuscri
Page 283 and 284:
Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
Page 285 and 286:
Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288:
Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290:
Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292:
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
Page 293:
1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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