Dissertation_A Bick_May 25 - DataSpace at Princeton University
Dissertation_A Bick_May 25 - DataSpace at Princeton University Dissertation_A Bick_May 25 - DataSpace at Princeton University
2. The Revolt in Brazil and the Circulation of News News from Brazil reached the United Provinces through many different channels. Although it was strictly forbidden, sailors, soldiers, and functionaries in the company's employment sent home private correspondence that described the country, its people, and—most damaging from the company's perspective—the problems and injustices of colonial administration. 17 In addition, each year after 1630, when the Dutch seized Recife and Olinda in Pernambuco, several hundred people traveled back and forth to the colony on both company and private ships. Many of them came from areas outside the Netherlands—especially the German states, England, and Scotland—but they normally passed through the coastal cities of Holland and Zeeland on their way home. 18 There they shared what they had seen and heard, either with family members or in public spaces such as the taverns and barges that served as the setting for several pamphlets that discussed recent events in Brazil. 19 Important also would have been the letters seized from Iberian ships and set into print, the correspondence of private merchants, and letters exchanged between members of the large Sephardic community in Amsterdam and their contacts in Lisbon and other Portuguese cities. 20 Nevertheless, the most detailed single source of information on Brazil, at least for those who were permitted to see it, was the generale missiven (general letters) sent several times each 17 Regulations were contained in the company's Articulbrief beraemt over het scheeps- ende crijgsvolck, ten dienst van de Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie in Brasyl ende Guinea. 18 Bruno Miranda, “The Military Daily Life in New Holland (1630-1654): The Life’s Conditions of Soldiers of the West India Company” (Academisch Proefschrift, Universiteit Leiden, 2011). 19 Dingemanse and Drees, “‘Praatjes’ over de WIC en Brazilië : Literaire Aspecten van Gesprekspamfletten uit 1649”; Den Heijer, “Het Recht van de Sterkste in de Polder: Politieke en Economische Strijd tussen Amsterdam en Zeeland over de Kwestie Brazilie, 1630-1654.” 20 Miriam Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1997); Daniel M. Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam (Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2000). 47
year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad (High and Secret Council) in Recife. 21 The generale missiven consisted of a single letter over the signatures of all four councilors, with references in the text to a number of supporting documents that were enclosed and lettered alphabetically. These supporting documents ranged in substance from reports on diplomatic or military missions to memoranda on the state of finances and inventories of medical or military supplies; they also included transcriptions of the daily minutes of the council and copies of important correspondence. All of these documents were listed in order on a register, as were letters addressed to the individual chambers of the company or to the Heren XIX by subordinate councils responsible for finance, justice, and other matters. Separate from these, and given a register of their own, were documents that listed the names of the dead, soldiers licensed to return to the Netherlands, slaves delivered to Brazil, and the more prosaic receipts and inventories that accompanied the loading and unloading of goods from warehouses and ships. Much like the annual letters of the Jesuits, the generale missiven were organized into a hierarchy of documents that could easily be sorted and delegated to the appropriate officials at home. 22 There were important ways in which it might be in the council’s interest to misrepresent information, and on any given topic private correspondence might have offered information of which the council was unaware, but the generale missiven was still the most complete, synthetic available portrait of affairs in the colony, and thus served as the basis on which the company's directors formulated official policy towards Brazil. 21 Boxer, The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654; Wätjen, O Dominio Colonial Hollandez no Brasil: Um Capitulo da Historia Colonial do Seculo XVII. These letters mimicked the format of similar letters sent annually from Batavia by servants of the VOC. Gaastra, The Dutch East India Company. 22 Friedrich, “Government and Information-Management in Early Modern Europe: The Case of the Society of Jesus (1540-1773),” 547. 48
- Page 7 and 8: for making the archive such an enjo
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad (High and Secret Council) in Recife. 21 The generale<br />
missiven consisted of a single letter over the sign<strong>at</strong>ures of all four councilors, with references in<br />
the text to a number of supporting documents th<strong>at</strong> were enclosed and lettered alphabetically.<br />
These supporting documents ranged in substance from reports on diplom<strong>at</strong>ic or military missions<br />
to memoranda on the st<strong>at</strong>e of finances and inventories of medical or military supplies; they also<br />
included transcriptions of the daily minutes of the council and copies of important<br />
correspondence. All of these documents were listed in order on a register, as were letters<br />
addressed to the individual chambers of the company or to the Heren XIX by subordin<strong>at</strong>e<br />
councils responsible for finance, justice, and other m<strong>at</strong>ters. Separ<strong>at</strong>e from these, and given a<br />
register of their own, were documents th<strong>at</strong> listed the names of the dead, soldiers licensed to<br />
return to the Netherlands, slaves delivered to Brazil, and the more prosaic receipts and<br />
inventories th<strong>at</strong> accompanied the loading and unloading of goods from warehouses and ships.<br />
Much like the annual letters of the Jesuits, the generale missiven were organized into a hierarchy<br />
of documents th<strong>at</strong> could easily be sorted and deleg<strong>at</strong>ed to the appropri<strong>at</strong>e officials <strong>at</strong> home. 22<br />
There were important ways in which it might be in the council’s interest to misrepresent<br />
inform<strong>at</strong>ion, and on any given topic priv<strong>at</strong>e correspondence might have offered inform<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
which the council was unaware, but the generale missiven was still the most complete, synthetic<br />
available portrait of affairs in the colony, and thus served as the basis on which the company's<br />
directors formul<strong>at</strong>ed official policy towards Brazil.<br />
<br />
21 Boxer, The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654; Wätjen, O Dominio Colonial Hollandez no Brasil: Um Capitulo da<br />
Historia Colonial do Seculo XVII. These letters mimicked the form<strong>at</strong> of similar letters sent annually from B<strong>at</strong>avia by<br />
servants of the VOC. Gaastra, The Dutch East India Company.<br />
22 Friedrich, “Government and Inform<strong>at</strong>ion-Management in Early Modern Europe: The Case of the Society of Jesus<br />
(1540-1773),” 547.<br />
48