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cust van Africa, namentlijck, St. Thomé, Guinea, Angola, St. Paulo de Loando, mitsgaders de Marignian, Nieu Nederlant ende West-Indien. Amsterdam, 1643. Velde, Hank te, Dennis Bos, and Maurits Ebben, eds. Harmonie in Holland: Het Poldermodel van 1500 tot Nu. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2008. Venema, Janny. Beverwijk: A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652-1664. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003. ———. Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586-1643): Designing a New World. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2010. Vertooch by een Liefhebber der Vaderlants vertoont tegen het Ongefondeerde ende Schadelijck Sluyten der Vryen Handel in Brasil, 1637. Viroli, Maurizio. From Politics to Reason of State: The Acquisition and Transformation of the Language of Politics, 1250-1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Vivo, Filippo de. Information and Communication in Venice: Rethinking Early Modern Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Vogt, John. Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast, 1469-1682. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979. Vree, Wilbert van. Meetings, Manners, and Civilization: The Development of Modern Meeting Behaviour. London: Leicester University Press, 1999. Vries, Jan de, and A. M. van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Warsinck, J. C. M. “Christoffel Artichewsky.” In Iaerlyck Verhael van de Verrichtingen der Geoctryeerde West-Indische Compagnie, edited by L’Honoré Naber, 4:xxv–lxxii. ’s- Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1937. Wätjen, Hermann. O Dominio Colonial Hollandez no Brasil: Um capitulo da Historia Colonial do Seculo XVII. Translated by Pedro Celso Uchoa Cavalcanti. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1938. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. London: Routledge, 1992. Weststeijn, Arthur. Commercial Republicanism in the Dutch Golden Age: The Political Thought of Johan & Pieter De La Court. Leiden: Brill, 2012. ———. “Dutch Brazil and the Making of Free Trade Ideology,” 2011. Wey Gómez, Nicolás. The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008. Wiesebron, Marianne L. Brazilie in de Nederlandse Archieven (1624-1654): Inleiding op de Nederlanden in de Zeventiende Eeuw en de Collecties in Nederlandse Archieven en Bibliotheken. Leiden: Research School CNWS, 2008. Wilson, C. H. Profit and Power: A Study of England and the Dutch Wars. London: Longmans, 1957. Wilson, Charles. England’s Apprenticeship 1603-1763. 2nd ed. London: Longmans, 1984. Winter, P. J. van. De Westindische Compagnie ter Kamer Stad en Lande. ’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978. Wright, Herbert F. “The Controversy of Hugo Grotius with Johan de Laet on the Origin of the American Aborigines.” Catholic Historical Review 3 (1917): 257–275. Xavier, Lucia F. Werneck. “Het Gebruik van Egodocumenten en Nederlands Brazilië: De Memorie van Kolonel Christoffel Arciszewski.” In Brazilië in de Nederlandse Archieven,   281
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GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
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Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
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ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
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On Wednesday, the same day the ship
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with subtle differences of fact and
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The group consisted of Henderick Sc
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XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
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Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
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Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
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Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
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crucial role that he played in its
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When the meeting resumed on Monday
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and to steer the discussion towards
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were chosen from among the ranks of
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emphasized the considerable sums in
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4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
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devote myself to my books.” 129 A
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interests were adequately represent
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De Laet's substantive work in the A
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that, even at the beginning, De Lae
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De Laet’s presence at the meeting
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confessions under interrogation and
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Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
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Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
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peaceful settlement along the fring
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By analyzing the successive changes
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convene in Amsterdam; the following
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This formulation, which must previo
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Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
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placed next to his description of t
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That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
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The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
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servants. These individuals may not
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At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
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Why did these candidates all refuse
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Alexander's name was almost certain
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None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
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Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
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On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
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with the WIC presumably did not go
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Haecx recorded in his diary that on
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wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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privately to Brazil, legally or ill
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1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
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left relatively open. 6 Where monop
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community saw greater profits in pr
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and close trade to private merchant
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trouble paying its bills, especiall
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means to capitalize the company wit
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director than his trade to Brazil,
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With the verhoging stalled, and ani
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e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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“walking the land half-naked” f
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While the resolution as a whole sho
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along with the two powerful Amsterd
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Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
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this measure, he said, “no one in
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maintaining the company's solvency,
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colony, overestimated the number of
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And Maurits offered another argumen
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Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
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Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
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exclude private merchants from the
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clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
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expedition's success, along with de
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trading locations on the Gold Coast
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directly from New Netherland, and s
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over trade was simply the projectio
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the area in which the company was b
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had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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to the Dutch state, and that this d
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ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
Page 241 and 242: ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
Page 243 and 244: expenses at each of the company's c
Page 245 and 246: included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
Page 247 and 248: calculations yielded a profit of 41
Page 249 and 250: notes on these documents, suggest t
Page 251 and 252: It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254: to hang from the body [...] This sh
Page 255 and 256: van West-Indien (New World, or a De
Page 257 and 258: title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260: It occurred to me that these miracu
Page 261 and 262: third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
Page 263 and 264: This extraordinary conclusion might
Page 265 and 266: enemy” and the positive effects o
Page 267 and 268: appeared in the late 1630s in the c
Page 269 and 270: versus settlement. He was also more
Page 271 and 272: An exceptionally cold winter delaye
Page 273 and 274: failure of Dutch imperialism from t
Page 275 and 276: that focuses on political and imper
Page 277 and 278: support to the WIC, but they also i
Page 279 and 280: Maurits predicted and which was not
Page 281 and 282: British Library Additional Manuscri
Page 283 and 284: Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
Page 285 and 286: Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288: Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290: Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291: Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
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