Dissertation_A Bick_May 25 - DataSpace at Princeton University

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By the second week in December, Amsterdam had consented to the subsidy and only Delft, Rotterdam, and Haarlem were still opposed. 114 Shortly after De Laet made his impassioned speech in the States of Holland on November 25, 1645, Specx began drawing up and revising estimates for the cost of sending this force and held meetings with potential candidates to lead it. 115 Both men, on behalf of the WIC, reached out to critical power brokers in The Hague. On December 7, De Laet and two other directors met with Johan Maurits to discuss military preparations; three days later Specx met with Constantijn Huygens, Secretaris to the Prince of Orange, to discuss commissions that were still awaiting the Prince’s signature. Huygens explained the delay and agreed to speak with the Prince concerning “means to raise troops following the intentions of the States General.” 116 Separately, the company's board sent delegations or letters to Willem Frederick, Stadholder of Vriesland, Jacob Cats, Raadpensionaris of the States of Holland, and Cornelis Musch, Griffier to the States General. And present at nearly every meeting was either Hendrik van der Capellen or his brother, Alexander, who would come to play an increasingly visible role coordinating the levy of troops. 117 De Laet and Specx’s texts, in other words, were matched by their active roles in lobbying and planning for military action, and almost certainly served as the basis for their respective discussions with these influential individuals. In the end this was a success: on December 19, 1645 the States of Holland approved the subsidy of 700,000 guilders, virtually ensuring its approval in the States of General and thus the dispatch of a relief fleet to Brazil.                                                          114 Staten van Holland and Westvriesland, Gedrukt Resoluties, entry for December 16, 1645; NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 2*, entry for December 19, 1645. 115 These included Sigismond Schoppe as commander of the land forces. NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 2*, entries for December 2 and 4, 1645. 116 Ibid., entries for December 7 and 10, 1645. 117 Ibid., entries for December 2, 4, 7, 8, and 14, 1645. On Alexander van der Capellen, see W.J. van Hoboken, Witte de With in Brazilië, 1648-1649. (Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitg. Mij., 1955).   259
An exceptionally cold winter delayed the fleet’s departure until spring, however, so that members of the new High Council, including Wolter Schonenborch, did not arrive in Brazil until July of 1646. 118 The 2,000 troops carried by this fleet prevented the complete surrender of Recife, but they were insufficient to recapture territory lost over the preceding year. Negotiations thus began in 1647 to dispatch a second, even larger fleet, to be paid for not by the States General, but by 1.5 million guilders that the VOC was forced to hand over to the WIC in return for a new charter and as an alternative to combining the two companies. 119 Once again, the States General had found an ingenious means to cover the expense of overseas conquest largely with private capital, in this case diverting profits from the Asia trade to underwrite a colony in the New World. But by this time key figures in Amsterdam—including Andries Bicker, with whom this dissertation began—had become vehemently opposed to any further action to save Brazil, and were unwilling to commit additional funds. Zeeland and several of the other provinces protested, but it was only by withholding its signature from the treaty of Münster that Zeeland could make any headway at all: in return for accepting peace with Spain, Zeeland exacted a commitment from Amsterdam for a final attempt to rescue Dutch Brazil. 120 This effort, led by the renowned admiral Witte de With, was ultimately unsuccessful. 121 Having lost Angola in 1648, the Dutch finally abandoned Brazil in 1654. With the loss of New Netherland a decade later, all that was left of the WIC’s empire were Surinam, a handful of Caribbean islands, and the forts along the Gold Coast. It was a shadow of the worlds De Laet and Specx had imagined and lobbied so hard to preserve in the fall of 1645.                                                          118 Haecxs, “Het Dagboek Van Hendrik Haecxs, Lid Van Den Hoogen Raad Van Brazilië (1645-1654).” On the cold winter and the need for additional coal in Zeeland, see H.M. Kesteloo, “De Stadsrekeningen Van Middelburg. VI. 1626-1650.,” in De Stadsrekeningen Van Middelburg. V. 1600-1625. (Middelburg: J.C. & W. Altorffer, 1899), 91. 119 Heijer, “Plannen Voor Samenvoeging Van VOC En WIC,” 120; Hoboken, Witte de With in Brazilië, 1648-1649. 120 Kluiver, De Souvereine en Independente Staat Zeeland, 184-186. 121 Van Hoboken, Witte de With in Brazilië, 1648-1649.   260
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GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
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Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
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ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
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On Wednesday, the same day the ship
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with subtle differences of fact and
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The group consisted of Henderick Sc
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XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
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Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
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Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
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Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
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crucial role that he played in its
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When the meeting resumed on Monday
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and to steer the discussion towards
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were chosen from among the ranks of
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emphasized the considerable sums in
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4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
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devote myself to my books.” 129 A
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interests were adequately represent
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De Laet's substantive work in the A
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that, even at the beginning, De Lae
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De Laet’s presence at the meeting
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confessions under interrogation and
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Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
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Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
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peaceful settlement along the fring
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By analyzing the successive changes
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convene in Amsterdam; the following
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This formulation, which must previo
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Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
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placed next to his description of t
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That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
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The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
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servants. These individuals may not
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At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
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Why did these candidates all refuse
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Alexander's name was almost certain
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None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
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Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
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On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
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with the WIC presumably did not go
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Haecx recorded in his diary that on
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wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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privately to Brazil, legally or ill
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1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
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left relatively open. 6 Where monop
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community saw greater profits in pr
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and close trade to private merchant
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trouble paying its bills, especiall
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means to capitalize the company wit
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director than his trade to Brazil,
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With the verhoging stalled, and ani
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e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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“walking the land half-naked” f
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While the resolution as a whole sho
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along with the two powerful Amsterd
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Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
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this measure, he said, “no one in
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maintaining the company's solvency,
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colony, overestimated the number of
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And Maurits offered another argumen
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Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
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Page 235 and 236: had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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Page 241 and 242: ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
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Page 245 and 246: included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
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Page 249 and 250: notes on these documents, suggest t
Page 251 and 252: It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254: to hang from the body [...] This sh
Page 255 and 256: van West-Indien (New World, or a De
Page 257 and 258: title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260: It occurred to me that these miracu
Page 261 and 262: third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
Page 263 and 264: This extraordinary conclusion might
Page 265 and 266: enemy” and the positive effects o
Page 267 and 268: appeared in the late 1630s in the c
Page 269: versus settlement. He was also more
Page 273 and 274: failure of Dutch imperialism from t
Page 275 and 276: that focuses on political and imper
Page 277 and 278: support to the WIC, but they also i
Page 279 and 280: Maurits predicted and which was not
Page 281 and 282: British Library Additional Manuscri
Page 283 and 284: Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
Page 285 and 286: Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288: Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290: Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292: Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
Page 293: 1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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