Dissertation_A Bick_May 25 - DataSpace at Princeton University

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Illustration 12. The Attack on Elmina in October 1625. Drawing by Hans Propheet, 1629. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (4 VEL), 771. Built by the Portuguese in 1482, Elmina was the most important fortress on the Gold Coast. The attack in 1625 failed, but the Dutch eventually seized Elmina in August of 1637.   215
trading locations on the Gold Coast, making plans to counter English trade at Cormantyn, build a new lodge at Accra, and oust the Portuguese from their remaining forts at Axim and Shama. 151 But the company's new foothold on the Gold Coast soon proved unsatisfactory as a source of slaves. Exports to Brazil from 1637-1640 averaged only 1,500 slaves per year, only a third the number the Portuguese had brought to Pernambuco before the Dutch conquest. In the months before the Peace Treaty with Portugal took effect, Maurits therefore recommended that the Heren XIX authorize him to organize a mission to expel the Portuguese from São Paulo do Loanda, which controlled access to greater numbers of slaves and was geographically closer to Pernambuco. In June 1641 a fleet led by Cornelis “Peg Leg” Jol seized not only São Paulo do Loanda, but also the island of São Tomé and the Portuguese fort at Axim. 152 Plans were drawn up by Pieter Mortamer, the first Dutch Director General in Loanda, for the construction of “transit barracks” and for making Dutch ships more suitable for the trade. The strategy worked: in 1642 the company brought 2,312 slaves to Brazil, followed by 3,948 in 1643 and 5,565 in 1644. 153 By 1645 the WIC had bought and sold more than 30,000 slaves. 154 The profits from the slave trade quickly attracted the attention of private merchants. As early as October 1639, directors in the Zeeland chamber recorded that, “it is being contemplated to partially open up the slave trade.” 155 In 1643 two directors in the Amsterdam chamber— Johannes de Laet and Abraham Willmerdonck—made a formal proposal to lift the company's monopoly and permit private merchants to trade to Africa. 156 This proposal was rejected by the Hoofdparticipanten in the Zeeland chamber, who argued that, “the Company is better suited to                                                          151 Ibid. See also Van Albert van Dantzig, Forts and Castles of Ghana (Accra: Sedco Limited, 1980). 152 Klaas Ratelband, De expeditie van Jol naar Angola en São Thomé, 30 Mei 1641-31 Oct. 1641 (’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1943). 153 De Mello, O Brasil Holandês, 1630-1654, 487. 154 Den Heijer, Goud, Ivoor en Slaven, 21. 155 Quoted in Unger, “Essay on the History of the Dutch Slave Trade,” 53. 156 NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 35, fol. 33-34. Entry for February 24, 1643.   216
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GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
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Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
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ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
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On Wednesday, the same day the ship
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with subtle differences of fact and
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The group consisted of Henderick Sc
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XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
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Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
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Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
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Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
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crucial role that he played in its
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When the meeting resumed on Monday
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and to steer the discussion towards
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were chosen from among the ranks of
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emphasized the considerable sums in
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4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
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devote myself to my books.” 129 A
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interests were adequately represent
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De Laet's substantive work in the A
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that, even at the beginning, De Lae
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De Laet’s presence at the meeting
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confessions under interrogation and
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Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
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Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
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peaceful settlement along the fring
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By analyzing the successive changes
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convene in Amsterdam; the following
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This formulation, which must previo
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Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
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placed next to his description of t
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That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
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The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
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servants. These individuals may not
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At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
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Why did these candidates all refuse
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Alexander's name was almost certain
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None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
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Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
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On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
Page 175 and 176: with the WIC presumably did not go
Page 177 and 178: Haecx recorded in his diary that on
Page 179 and 180: wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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Page 183 and 184: 1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
Page 185 and 186: left relatively open. 6 Where monop
Page 187 and 188: community saw greater profits in pr
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Page 197 and 198: With the verhoging stalled, and ani
Page 199 and 200: e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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Page 203 and 204: While the resolution as a whole sho
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Page 207 and 208: Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
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Page 211 and 212: maintaining the company's solvency,
Page 213 and 214: colony, overestimated the number of
Page 215 and 216: And Maurits offered another argumen
Page 217 and 218: Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
Page 219 and 220: Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
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Page 223 and 224: clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
Page 225: expedition's success, along with de
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Page 235 and 236: had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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Page 241 and 242: ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
Page 243 and 244: expenses at each of the company's c
Page 245 and 246: included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
Page 247 and 248: calculations yielded a profit of 41
Page 249 and 250: notes on these documents, suggest t
Page 251 and 252: It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254: to hang from the body [...] This sh
Page 255 and 256: van West-Indien (New World, or a De
Page 257 and 258: title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260: It occurred to me that these miracu
Page 261 and 262: third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
Page 263 and 264: This extraordinary conclusion might
Page 265 and 266: enemy” and the positive effects o
Page 267 and 268: appeared in the late 1630s in the c
Page 269 and 270: versus settlement. He was also more
Page 271 and 272: An exceptionally cold winter delaye
Page 273 and 274: failure of Dutch imperialism from t
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support to the WIC, but they also i
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Maurits predicted and which was not
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British Library Additional Manuscri
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Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
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Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
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Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
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Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
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Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
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1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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