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Illustration 11. Portrait of Christoffel Artichewsky. From Johannes de Laet, Historie ofte Iaerlyck Verhael, edited by L’Honoré Naber and J. C. M. Warsinck, vol. 4 (‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1937). A Polish Colonel, Artichewsky led Dutch land forces in Brazil from 1634-36.   201
colony, overestimated the number of ingenhos (sugar mills) and the value of the sugar that could be exported each year. They believed, erroneously, that the colony was now in good shape and ready to yield profits. Artichewski wrote instead that Brazil “had never been poorer.” 102 Those who understood this, including Van Arnhem, De Laet, and Coenraeds Burgh, excused themselves from the discussions rather than be subjected to the vitriol—bordering on blasphemy—of the two sides. 103 The real issue, as everyone knew, was to attract settlers to establish new ingenhos and defend the colony, and on this Artichewski agreed squarely with the arguments of the free traders. The only people who would come to Brazil under the company's monopoly were those who had nothing to lose in the first place. 104 It was also crucially important to honor the company's promises to the Portuguese: some had proven to be untrustworthy, but this only increased the company's responsibility to be fair to those who were not. Artichewski looked to recent history to prove his point: with free trade Recife had grown dramatically, but there was no better example than the United Provinces themselves: What power, what means would the Netherlanders have derived from the land and public capital alone […] without the multitude of private traders? What above all else made the city of Amsterdam so great? That not only Netherlanders, but all nations of the world walk freely in the city and trade as they wish. 105 Private trade makes wealth and attracts people, Artichewski concluded. “There is more to find, more to buy, and more to sell where more people live, work, and spend, than where there are                                                          102 Ibid., 226. “maer ick can het niet sien. Den staet van Brasil is noyt soo arm geweest als hij tegenwoordich is.” 103 Ibid., 225. “Noch is hier dese pest mede ingecropen, dat de Camaren dese questie alhier tegen malcander met soo groote hevicheyt ende bitterheyt drijven, dates malcander daerover blasfemeren.” 104 Ibid., 233. 105 Ibid., 237. “Maer hoe can men noch een beter exempel voorstellen als dese Nederlanden selffs? Wat cracht, wat middelen souden de Nederlanden hebben uyt het lant alleen ende uytte publijcque capitalen alleen, tot soo merckelijcke en miraculeuse grote oncosten die se doen, wanneer niet was de meenichte van particulieren? Wat heft onder veele andere de stadt Amsterdam soo splendissant gemaeckt? Is het niet de meenichte van particulieren, ended at niet alleen Nederlanders, maer oock alle natien van der wereldt vrij in der stadt wandelen ende handelen connen nae haer believen?”   202
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GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
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Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
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ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
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On Wednesday, the same day the ship
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with subtle differences of fact and
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The group consisted of Henderick Sc
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XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
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Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
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Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
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Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
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crucial role that he played in its
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When the meeting resumed on Monday
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and to steer the discussion towards
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were chosen from among the ranks of
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emphasized the considerable sums in
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4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
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devote myself to my books.” 129 A
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interests were adequately represent
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De Laet's substantive work in the A
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that, even at the beginning, De Lae
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De Laet’s presence at the meeting
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confessions under interrogation and
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Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
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Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
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peaceful settlement along the fring
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By analyzing the successive changes
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convene in Amsterdam; the following
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This formulation, which must previo
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Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
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placed next to his description of t
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That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
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The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
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servants. These individuals may not
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At this point the election was comp
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(Receiver General) of the United Pr
Page 161 and 162: Why did these candidates all refuse
Page 163 and 164: Alexander's name was almost certain
Page 165 and 166: None of the remaining records indic
Page 167 and 168: would be profitable and that their
Page 169 and 170: Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
Page 171 and 172: On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
Page 173 and 174: 5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
Page 175 and 176: with the WIC presumably did not go
Page 177 and 178: Haecx recorded in his diary that on
Page 179 and 180: wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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Page 183 and 184: 1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
Page 185 and 186: left relatively open. 6 Where monop
Page 187 and 188: community saw greater profits in pr
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Page 191 and 192: trouble paying its bills, especiall
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Page 195 and 196: director than his trade to Brazil,
Page 197 and 198: With the verhoging stalled, and ani
Page 199 and 200: e handled without gloves.” 55 In
Page 201 and 202: “walking the land half-naked” f
Page 203 and 204: While the resolution as a whole sho
Page 205 and 206: along with the two powerful Amsterd
Page 207 and 208: Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
Page 209 and 210: this measure, he said, “no one in
Page 211: maintaining the company's solvency,
Page 215 and 216: And Maurits offered another argumen
Page 217 and 218: Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
Page 219 and 220: Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
Page 221 and 222: exclude private merchants from the
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Page 229 and 230: directly from New Netherland, and s
Page 231 and 232: over trade was simply the projectio
Page 233 and 234: the area in which the company was b
Page 235 and 236: had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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Page 241 and 242: ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
Page 243 and 244: expenses at each of the company's c
Page 245 and 246: included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
Page 247 and 248: calculations yielded a profit of 41
Page 249 and 250: notes on these documents, suggest t
Page 251 and 252: It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254: to hang from the body [...] This sh
Page 255 and 256: van West-Indien (New World, or a De
Page 257 and 258: title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260: It occurred to me that these miracu
Page 261 and 262: third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
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This extraordinary conclusion might
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enemy” and the positive effects o
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appeared in the late 1630s in the c
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versus settlement. He was also more
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An exceptionally cold winter delaye
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failure of Dutch imperialism from t
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that focuses on political and imper
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support to the WIC, but they also i
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Maurits predicted and which was not
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British Library Additional Manuscri
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Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
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Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
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Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
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Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
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Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
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1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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