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and later suggested that the monopoly be maintained for at least a year to see if the company was capable of delivering sufficient provisions to Brazil. 81 Willem Ripperda tot Boxbergen, another nobleman, represented Overijsel, where the verhoging had run into opposition from investors who resented Amsterdam merchants' domination of the private trade. 82 Hendrik Schonenborch, the deputy from Groningen (and Wolter Schonenborch's father), was an investor himself and presumably would have been sympathetic to his province's chamber in the company, which supported closing the trade. The same was true for the deputy from Holland, Hendrick Willemsz. Nobel, who, as we have seen, came from Rotterdam, one of the three cities that participated in the chamber of the Maas. Perhaps most important of all, however, was Hendrik van der Capellen, Alexander van der Capellen's older brother and a considerable figure in his own right. 83 Born around 1580, he had inherited the title of Heer van Rijsselt from his father; later a cousin ceded him title to Esselt as well. In 1620 he served as Burgemeester of Zutphen and thereafter was admitted to the Ridderschappen (Council of Noblemen) of both Zutphen and Cleves. By the mid-1630s, he had established himself as a prominent member of the Gelderland nobility and served as a representative of the generality lands to the States General. His contribution to the discussion on free trade would inaugurate a long period of steady involvement with the WIC and its affairs. After 1640 Van der Capellen effectively replaced Van Arnhem as the States General's senior representative to the meetings of the Heren XIX, and later he would become a financier, with                                                          81 Frederik Hendrik's request to the States General can be found in NA 1.01.04, inv.nr. 5754, fol. 131, entry for September 29, 1635. His call for the monopoly to be left in place is recorded in Nicholaes Stellingwerf's personal notes of the meetings of the States of Holland. Stellingwerff and Schot, Particuliere Notulen van de Vergaderingen der Staten van Holland, 1620-1640. Entry for April 8, 1637. 82 On Ripperda, see the entry in Ambtsdragers en Ambtenaren, 1428-1861. http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/Repertorium/app/personen/7636. Accessed on April 4, 2011. Overijsel's complaint can be found in NA 1.05.01.01, inv.nr. 14, entry for November 14, 1636. 83 "Hendrik van der Capellen" in Molhuysen, Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 8, 250–251.   195
Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap on Staten Island. 84 In between he developed a solid working knowledge of the company's business and a keen interest in matters of war, law, and colonial government. His brother's subsequent comments about the free traders and their pernicious effect on the company suggests that Hendrik may already have viewed them with suspicion in 1636. 85 This committee's report, submitted by Van der Capellen in late February, shows its authors’ attitude towards the company and their vision for ensuring the success of the Brazil colony. 86 The report began by reviewing the central points of the submissions provided by Amsterdam and Zeeland. Amsterdam maintained, in effect, that the company didn't have the resources or credit to drive the trade to Brazil, and that the important goal of settling the colony was possible only if traders could conduct their business freely. In addition, they argued that the company and the States General were obligated to uphold their agreements with Portuguese planters; only by treating them with respect, as the King of Portugal had done, could the company hope to bring them over to its side. Finally, Amsterdam calculated that the income from recognition fees, which in 1635 and 1636 had been worth between 500,000-600,000 guilders, could be expected to rise to 2.5 million guilders if the trade was left open. 87 Zeeland, by contrast, argued that closing the trade was consistent with the WIC's charter, whereas Amsterdam's position was not, and that only the company could ensure that the public interest was protected. This included ensuring that Brazil was adequately populated and cultivated, aims that private traders had no incentive to share. And Zeeland attacked Amsterdam's financial calculations by pointing out that the company had spent nearly 6 million                                                          84 Jacobs, The Colony of New Netherland, 73. 85 See Chapter Four. 86 NA 1.01.04, inv.nr. 5754, fols. 379-383. Rapport van den heere Vander Capellen toe Ryssel en andere haer hoochmog Gecommitteerde over die Communicatie gehouden met die Gedeputierde der Negentien van die respective Westindische Cameren van Amsterdam, Zeelant, Mase, Norderquartier, Stat Groningen en omlanden. Exhibitum 25 February 1637. 87 Ibid., fol. 379.   196
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GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
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Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
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ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
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On Wednesday, the same day the ship
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with subtle differences of fact and
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The group consisted of Henderick Sc
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XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
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Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
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Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
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Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
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crucial role that he played in its
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When the meeting resumed on Monday
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and to steer the discussion towards
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were chosen from among the ranks of
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emphasized the considerable sums in
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4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
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devote myself to my books.” 129 A
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interests were adequately represent
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De Laet's substantive work in the A
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that, even at the beginning, De Lae
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De Laet’s presence at the meeting
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confessions under interrogation and
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Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
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Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
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peaceful settlement along the fring
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By analyzing the successive changes
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convene in Amsterdam; the following
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This formulation, which must previo
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Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
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placed next to his description of t
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That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
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The result was that the delegates f
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to the original charter gave the ch
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thus shows the political—as oppos
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1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
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taken place. Once the draft letter
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Table 5. Seating for the delegation
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phase of the company’s Groot Dess
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to be understood the sending over o
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But by far the most important trans
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Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
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geographers whose works remain a tr
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important military, administrative,
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noblemen played in overseas adminis
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good order, police and justice, and
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the council's size and authority, d
Page 155 and 156: servants. These individuals may not
Page 157 and 158: At this point the election was comp
Page 159 and 160: (Receiver General) of the United Pr
Page 161 and 162: Why did these candidates all refuse
Page 163 and 164: Alexander's name was almost certain
Page 165 and 166: None of the remaining records indic
Page 167 and 168: would be profitable and that their
Page 169 and 170: Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
Page 171 and 172: On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
Page 173 and 174: 5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
Page 175 and 176: with the WIC presumably did not go
Page 177 and 178: Haecx recorded in his diary that on
Page 179 and 180: wavered, for De Laet, who was many
Page 181 and 182: privately to Brazil, legally or ill
Page 183 and 184: 1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
Page 185 and 186: left relatively open. 6 Where monop
Page 187 and 188: community saw greater profits in pr
Page 189 and 190: and close trade to private merchant
Page 191 and 192: trouble paying its bills, especiall
Page 193 and 194: means to capitalize the company wit
Page 195 and 196: director than his trade to Brazil,
Page 197 and 198: With the verhoging stalled, and ani
Page 199 and 200: e handled without gloves.” 55 In
Page 201 and 202: “walking the land half-naked” f
Page 203 and 204: While the resolution as a whole sho
Page 205: along with the two powerful Amsterd
Page 209 and 210: this measure, he said, “no one in
Page 211 and 212: maintaining the company's solvency,
Page 213 and 214: colony, overestimated the number of
Page 215 and 216: And Maurits offered another argumen
Page 217 and 218: Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
Page 219 and 220: Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
Page 221 and 222: exclude private merchants from the
Page 223 and 224: clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
Page 225 and 226: expedition's success, along with de
Page 227 and 228: trading locations on the Gold Coast
Page 229 and 230: directly from New Netherland, and s
Page 231 and 232: over trade was simply the projectio
Page 233 and 234: the area in which the company was b
Page 235 and 236: had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
Page 237 and 238: to the Dutch state, and that this d
Page 239 and 240: ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
Page 241 and 242: ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
Page 243 and 244: expenses at each of the company's c
Page 245 and 246: included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
Page 247 and 248: calculations yielded a profit of 41
Page 249 and 250: notes on these documents, suggest t
Page 251 and 252: It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254: to hang from the body [...] This sh
Page 255 and 256: van West-Indien (New World, or a De
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title page of the revised edition a
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It occurred to me that these miracu
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third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
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This extraordinary conclusion might
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enemy” and the positive effects o
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appeared in the late 1630s in the c
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versus settlement. He was also more
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An exceptionally cold winter delaye
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failure of Dutch imperialism from t
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that focuses on political and imper
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support to the WIC, but they also i
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Maurits predicted and which was not
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British Library Additional Manuscri
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Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
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Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
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Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290:
Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292:
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
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1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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