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personally escort him to the meeting. The three men arrived shortly thereafter and Schonenborch was seated, tellingly, in the place usually assigned to the lead delegate from the States General. To the great joy and relief of the meeting, Van der Cameren announced that Schonenborch had accepted the company's offer to serve as President of the High Council in Brazil. The directors offered their congratulations and the meeting was adjourned, both to celebrate the news and to allow time for Schonenborch and the representatives of the States General to hold a separate meeting with the Prince of Orange. 90 Over the following several weeks the committee returned to its work drafting and revising the instructions for the President and High Council, in consultation with Haecxs, Van Beaumont, and the other councilors, who arrived in late September. 91 By October 9 these were complete: the terms of the contracts dictated that Schonenborch would receive 1,250 guilders per month, four servants, eight company slaves, and an additional 3,000 guilders to cover his expenses. Each of the councilors was to receive just more than half these amounts: 750 guilders per month, two servants, four slaves, and 1,800 guilders for expenses. The contracts would be valid for three years and the slaves were to be returned to the company upon termination of the individuals' service in Brazil. Finally, the spoils from war or piracy on land and at sea—2% of which were reserved for the Governor General in Maurits' time—were to be distributed equally amongst the President and councilors, with each receiving 1%. The new council was upon arrival in Brazil to replace the existing government and to be guided by the new instructions, and by the various instructions and resolutions of the Hoge ende Secrete Raed since 1636. 92                                                          90 Ibid., entry for September 27, 1645; NA 1.01.07 inv.nr. 12564.17, Minuten van de Vergadering van de Heren XIX in Middelburgh, 9 September 1645-16 October 1645, entry for September 27, 1645. 91 Haecxs, “Het Dagboek van Hendrik Haecxs, Lid van den Hoogen Raad van Brazilië (1645-1654),” entry for September 19, 1645. Haecxs indicates that he arrived in Middelburg on September 22, 1645. 92 NA 1.01.07 inv.nr. 12564.17, Secrete notulen van de afgevaardigden van de WIC aan de vergadering van deer Heren XIX, entry for October 13, 1645.   165
Haecx recorded in his diary that on October 13 he and the other councilors were asked to appear before the Heren XIX, where Van der Cameren read aloud an oath that had been specially-prepared for them; they “stood, President and Councilors alike,” and accepted the oath “with hands out-stretched and fingers extended.” 93 Four days later Haecxs departed Middelburg and returned home briefly, before being summoned by Jan Louys to The Hague for meetings with representatives of the States General. He traveled to The Hague a second time at the beginning of November and remained there until November 18, when he was introduced to the full meeting of the States General by De Laet and two other company directors, Alewijn Halewyn and Nicholaes ten Hove. He recorded finding “everyone standing, approximately thirty men”: Thereupon the Secretary, Cornelis Musch, began to read the formula of the oath [to the States General] and, having done that, we were asked by Mr. Jacob Veth, who was presiding at this time, whether we, all five standing before the table, were ready to accept. Yes, we answered, confirming this by raising our hands in the same manner that we had done in Zeeland. Thereupon Mr. Veth extended his hand to us and wished us much luck; he took his leave of us and we returned into the anti-chamber. 94 The High Council for Brazil was now complete. In this sense the Heren XIX had achieved their primary objective for the fall meeting. But there were still serious problems to come.                                                          93 Haecxs, “Het Dagboek van Hendrik Haecxs, Lid van den Hoogen Raad van Brazilië (1645-1654),” entry for October 13, 1645. “Is ons door d’Hr. van der Cameren den Eedt voorgelesen, die wij opstaende, gesamentlijck soo President als Raden met utgesteken handen en utgerecte vingeren hebben gepresteert.” 94 Ibid., entry for November 18, 1645. “Hebben ons d’Hrn. De Laet, Alewijn van Leijden, en Ten Hove in de vergaderinge van d’Hrn. Staten Generaal geintroduceert. Vonden Hare Ho. Mo. allemael staende, ontrent 30 Heeren; daerop begon de Griffier Meusch het formulier van den Eedt te lessen en, gedaen hebbende, vraechden ons de Hr. Jacob Veth, doenmaels president sijnde, en wij met ons vijven voor de taeffel staende, of wij bereijt waren, om dien te praesteren; Jae, antwoordden. Hebben denselven ghelijck in Zeelandt met opgeheven handen geconfirmeert. Daerop ons d’Hr. Veth de hant toestekende veel ghelucks menschte; namen also onsen afsheijt en gingen wederom in de antechamber.” In Spain the ritual was no more elaborate, even if its content differed: after taking the oath, a new official would kiss the royal order and put it on his head as a sign of acceptance. See Poole, Juan de Ovando, 159.   166
Page 1 and 2:
GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
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Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
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ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
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On Wednesday, the same day the ship
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with subtle differences of fact and
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The group consisted of Henderick Sc
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XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
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Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
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Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
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Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
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crucial role that he played in its
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When the meeting resumed on Monday
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and to steer the discussion towards
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were chosen from among the ranks of
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emphasized the considerable sums in
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4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
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devote myself to my books.” 129 A
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interests were adequately represent
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De Laet's substantive work in the A
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that, even at the beginning, De Lae
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De Laet’s presence at the meeting
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confessions under interrogation and
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Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
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Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
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peaceful settlement along the fring
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By analyzing the successive changes
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convene in Amsterdam; the following
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This formulation, which must previo
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Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this
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(1566-1626), later burgemeester of
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placed next to his description of t
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That these two provisions remained
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provinces. The creation of the WIC
Page 125 and 126: The result was that the delegates f
Page 127 and 128: to the original charter gave the ch
Page 129 and 130: thus shows the political—as oppos
Page 131 and 132: 1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
Page 133 and 134: taken place. Once the draft letter
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Seating for the delegation
Page 137 and 138: phase of the company’s Groot Dess
Page 139 and 140: to be understood the sending over o
Page 141 and 142: But by far the most important trans
Page 143 and 144: Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
Page 145 and 146: geographers whose works remain a tr
Page 147 and 148: important military, administrative,
Page 149 and 150: noblemen played in overseas adminis
Page 151 and 152: good order, police and justice, and
Page 153 and 154: the council's size and authority, d
Page 155 and 156: servants. These individuals may not
Page 157 and 158: At this point the election was comp
Page 159 and 160: (Receiver General) of the United Pr
Page 161 and 162: Why did these candidates all refuse
Page 163 and 164: Alexander's name was almost certain
Page 165 and 166: None of the remaining records indic
Page 167 and 168: would be profitable and that their
Page 169 and 170: Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
Page 171 and 172: On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
Page 173 and 174: 5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
Page 175: with the WIC presumably did not go
Page 179 and 180: wavered, for De Laet, who was many
Page 181 and 182: privately to Brazil, legally or ill
Page 183 and 184: 1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
Page 185 and 186: left relatively open. 6 Where monop
Page 187 and 188: community saw greater profits in pr
Page 189 and 190: and close trade to private merchant
Page 191 and 192: trouble paying its bills, especiall
Page 193 and 194: means to capitalize the company wit
Page 195 and 196: director than his trade to Brazil,
Page 197 and 198: With the verhoging stalled, and ani
Page 199 and 200: e handled without gloves.” 55 In
Page 201 and 202: “walking the land half-naked” f
Page 203 and 204: While the resolution as a whole sho
Page 205 and 206: along with the two powerful Amsterd
Page 207 and 208: Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
Page 209 and 210: this measure, he said, “no one in
Page 211 and 212: maintaining the company's solvency,
Page 213 and 214: colony, overestimated the number of
Page 215 and 216: And Maurits offered another argumen
Page 217 and 218: Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
Page 219 and 220: Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
Page 221 and 222: exclude private merchants from the
Page 223 and 224: clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
Page 225 and 226: expedition's success, along with de
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trading locations on the Gold Coast
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directly from New Netherland, and s
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over trade was simply the projectio
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the area in which the company was b
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had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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to the Dutch state, and that this d
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ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
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ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
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expenses at each of the company's c
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included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
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calculations yielded a profit of 41
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notes on these documents, suggest t
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It was, of course, a fiction. With
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to hang from the body [...] This sh
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van West-Indien (New World, or a De
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title page of the revised edition a
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It occurred to me that these miracu
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third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
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This extraordinary conclusion might
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enemy” and the positive effects o
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appeared in the late 1630s in the c
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versus settlement. He was also more
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An exceptionally cold winter delaye
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failure of Dutch imperialism from t
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that focuses on political and imper
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support to the WIC, but they also i
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Maurits predicted and which was not
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British Library Additional Manuscri
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Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
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Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288:
Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290:
Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292:
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
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1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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