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of the Heren XVII to manage the company's shipping and trade. 27 This body would be elected from among the chief shareholders in each of the chambers. But weightier decisions relating to war, colonization, and justice Usselincx reserved for the Raedt van Indien. He described the council's purpose in Article 36: And so that the Company may be provided with the necessary and appropriate authority, and the directors saved from considerable trouble and expense from soliciting our assistance and support, and so that they may be able to attend to their trade and the outfitting of ships, as little as possible bothered with problems of state, so should there be elected [after the directors and representatives of the chief participants] a certain number of qualified persons, from among the noblemen as well as others, to form a Council of the Indies, whom we will recognize with appropriate authority and instructions, in our name to provide assistance and support to the company, raise armies, appoint governors, make laws, administer justice, and consult with the directors concerning the means necessary for the preservation of the company. 28 This Raedt van Indien would consist of approximately eight to ten members. Anyone investing more than 800,000 guilders in the company would automatically receive one seat; the remaining seats would be filled by election from amongst the chief investors. The Prince of Orange would serve as the council's chair and the meetings would take place in The Hague, rather than in                                                          27 NA 1.01.07 inv.nr. 12564.1, fol. 123. A transcription of Usselincx's draft is also available as Appendix II in the second volume of Rees, Geschiedenis der Staathuishoudkunde in Nederland tot het Einde der Achttiende Eeuw, 2:384-408. 28 NA 1.01.07 inv.nr. 12564.1, fol. 121. “Ende op dat deze Comp. soude mogen worden versien van noodige, behoorlycke, ende wettige autoriteyt ende ansien, ende de Bewindhebbers ontlast van veel moeyten, ende oncosten, die by haer souden moghen gedaen worden int soliciteren om noodige hulpe ende bystandt, ende andere saecken, die sy met ons souden mogen te behandelen ende voor te dragen habben, ende op dat sy haer te beter souden mogen besigh houden met de saecken, haeren Coophandel ende vuytrustinge betreffende, ende oock om haer met de saecken van Staet, die hier aen nootwendelyck zyn hangende, soo weynich te bemoyen als het doenlyck is, Soo sullen wy nae t’ verkiesen vande Bewindhebbers ende deelgenoten, verkiesen seecker getal van gequalificeerde persoonen, soo van adel als andere, tot eenen Raedt van Indien, die wy sullen verkiesen met behoorlycke Authoriteyt ende Instructie, om vuyt onsen twegen achtinge te nemen op het verleenen van hulpe ende bystandt, aenneminge van krygsvolck, stellen van Gouverneurs, t’ maecken van wetten, keuren ende ordonnantien tot onderhoudinge van t’ recht ende alle borgerlycke eendracht, met de Bewinderhebbers te beraedtslagen over de middelen tot haerder bescherminge noodich, ende waer men die met de minste beswaringe, soo van t’ landt als vande compaignie sal becomen ende te wege brengen, als oock om alle verschillen, die onder de deelgenoten van dese Comp. souden mogen risen, vuyt eenige oorsaecken deselve Compagnie betreffende, de plano sonder eenige forme van proces te mogen afdoen.”   103
Amsterdam or Middelburg. 29 In this way Usselincx imagined a partially aristocratic, partially elected structure, with pride of place reserved for Maurits of Nassau and the possibility open for foreign princes—the group best able to invest the requisite sum—to purchase an important office and thereby contribute to the Protestant cause and the war against Spain. 30 Usselincx spelled out the logic for his proposal in a number of subsequent letters to the States General, composed after it had become clear that his idea faced considerable opposition. 31 In his view, the responsibility for trade and that for war and colonial administration should never be vested in the same institution; nor should social groups be asked to perform functions for which they were not qualified. His draft proposed that the company’s directors be selected by the chief investors, rather than city or provincial magistrates, as Van Oldenbarnavelt had advocated, since no one could know a merchant's business better than other merchants. 32 To permit magistrates to interfere in trade on a daily business would undermine the company’s profitability and discourage investors. Likewise, merchants should be relieved from responsibility for tasks that fell outside their sphere of competence. It was both inappropriate and dangerous to involve merchants—whom he characterized as “tak[ing] profit as their North Star and desire as their                                                          29 The Prince of Orange's role in the Raedt van Indien is only implicit in Usselincx draft charter, but is stated clearly in his subsequent clarifications between 1619-1622. See, for example, NA 1.01.05 inv.nr. 9409, Corte aenwysinge van de voor meeste verschillen tusschen t' Concept van Octroy op Westindien dat by de ho: mo: heeren, Myn heeren de Staten Generael inde Maent van februario anno 1619 aende respective provincien is gesonden, ende tgene daerna by de Gecommitteerde wt de groote zee steden van hollandt ende Westvrieslandt is beraemt..., April 13, 1620. 30 The resolutions of the States General reveal a number of inquiries that were transmitted via Dutch diplomats serving in Geneva, Heidelberg, and Paris. See for example Brederode's letters in the Resolutien der Staten Generael, April 30, 1620 and September 28, 1621. The most important foreign investor in the Amsterdam chamber of the company was the Prince of Anhalt, who subscribed 36,000 guilders via his agent, Adolf van Borstel (NA 1.05.01.01 inv.nr. 18). See also the British National Archives in Kew, SP 84/104, fol. 217. Cort Verhael van de Redenen ende oorsaecken waerom dat over den Handel van de Westindien benevens de Cameren can de Bewindhebberen eenen Raedt van Indien behoort te wesen, Waerom dat aen naburighe vorsten ende Republicquen die hier met groote sommen incomen, moet toe gelaten worden eenen Raetheer te moghen stellen. 31 NA 1.01.05 inv.nr. 9409. 32 Ibid. Corte aenwysinge van de voor meeste verschillen tusschen t' Concept van Octroy op Westindien dat by de ho: mo: heeren, Myn heeren de Staten Generael inde Maent van februario anno 1619 aende respectiv provincien is gesonden, ende tgene daerna by de Gecommitteerde wt de groote zee steden van hollandt ende Westvrieslandt is beraemt, April 13, 1620.   104
Page 1 and 2:
GOVERNING THE FREE SEA: THE DUTCH W
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract This dissertation takes a
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IV. “In the Service of Merchants
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for making the archive such an enjo
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Institute for International and Reg
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List of Tables 1. Delegates to the
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Illustration 1. Het West-Indische H
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eported to have said; any money sen
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nexus of commerce and power for whi
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Europe the Dutch Republic is emblem
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Although the VOC frequently used vi
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Van Dillen argued that over time th
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the Western Hemisphere.” 46 Far f
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anxieties it generated, and what pl
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capital from Zeeland in the south a
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number of document series within th
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character of Dutch political instit
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Illustration 2. Vergaderzaal van he
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ecords must be traced backwards—a
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of note.” 93 But it is clear that
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formative periods in the company’
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enhance the role of central authori
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trade in which the company had only
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5. A Note on Sources This dissertat
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1645. 110 The manuscript is found i
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period 1620-1636. 115 For the remai
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at São Salvador da Bahia de Todos
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the revolt pushed the colony’s fa
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Amsterdam newspapers did publish st
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year by the Hoge ende Secrete Raad
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the Portuguese, had crossed the Rio
Page 63 and 64: ead aloud, two resolutions were pas
Page 65 and 66: On Wednesday, the same day the ship
Page 67 and 68: with subtle differences of fact and
Page 69 and 70: The group consisted of Henderick Sc
Page 71 and 72: XIX. Each chamber selected delegate
Page 73 and 74: Inden naeme den heeren amen Saturn.
Page 75 and 76: Middelburg’s decidedly incestuous
Page 77 and 78: Illustration 6. Portrait of Johanne
Page 79 and 80: crucial role that he played in its
Page 81 and 82: When the meeting resumed on Monday
Page 83 and 84: and to steer the discussion towards
Page 85 and 86: were chosen from among the ranks of
Page 87 and 88: emphasized the considerable sums in
Page 89 and 90: 4. Johannes de Laet as “Informati
Page 91 and 92: devote myself to my books.” 129 A
Page 93 and 94: interests were adequately represent
Page 95 and 96: De Laet's substantive work in the A
Page 97 and 98: that, even at the beginning, De Lae
Page 99 and 100: De Laet’s presence at the meeting
Page 101 and 102: confessions under interrogation and
Page 103 and 104: Brazil this meant the Heren XIX, wh
Page 105 and 106: Illustration 7. Portrait of Willem
Page 107 and 108: peaceful settlement along the fring
Page 109 and 110: By analyzing the successive changes
Page 111 and 112: convene in Amsterdam; the following
Page 113: This formulation, which must previo
Page 117 and 118: (1566-1626), later burgemeester of
Page 119 and 120: placed next to his description of t
Page 121 and 122: That these two provisions remained
Page 123 and 124: provinces. The creation of the WIC
Page 125 and 126: The result was that the delegates f
Page 127 and 128: to the original charter gave the ch
Page 129 and 130: thus shows the political—as oppos
Page 131 and 132: 1/10 of the equipagie and two direc
Page 133 and 134: taken place. Once the draft letter
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Seating for the delegation
Page 137 and 138: phase of the company’s Groot Dess
Page 139 and 140: to be understood the sending over o
Page 141 and 142: But by far the most important trans
Page 143 and 144: Illustration 8. Map of Mauritstad a
Page 145 and 146: geographers whose works remain a tr
Page 147 and 148: important military, administrative,
Page 149 and 150: noblemen played in overseas adminis
Page 151 and 152: good order, police and justice, and
Page 153 and 154: the council's size and authority, d
Page 155 and 156: servants. These individuals may not
Page 157 and 158: At this point the election was comp
Page 159 and 160: (Receiver General) of the United Pr
Page 161 and 162: Why did these candidates all refuse
Page 163 and 164: Alexander's name was almost certain
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None of the remaining records indic
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would be profitable and that their
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Haecxs thanked them for the honor t
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On June 22, 1645—just a week befo
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5. Wolter Schonenborch and the Ritu
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with the WIC presumably did not go
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Haecx recorded in his diary that on
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wavered, for De Laet, who was many
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privately to Brazil, legally or ill
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1. Introduction Chapter Five Free T
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left relatively open. 6 Where monop
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community saw greater profits in pr
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and close trade to private merchant
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trouble paying its bills, especiall
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means to capitalize the company wit
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director than his trade to Brazil,
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With the verhoging stalled, and ani
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e handled without gloves.” 55 In
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“walking the land half-naked” f
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While the resolution as a whole sho
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along with the two powerful Amsterd
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Cornelis Melijn, of a patroonschap
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this measure, he said, “no one in
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maintaining the company's solvency,
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colony, overestimated the number of
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And Maurits offered another argumen
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Stellingwerf, who sat in the States
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Provinces, plus smaller fees of 3%
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exclude private merchants from the
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clamoring for slaves. 136 The probl
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expedition's success, along with de
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trading locations on the Gold Coast
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directly from New Netherland, and s
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over trade was simply the projectio
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the area in which the company was b
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had not yet been renewed. 4 As the
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to the Dutch state, and that this d
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ookkeeping from late-fifteenth cent
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ambitions. 21 Although neither Spec
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expenses at each of the company's c
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included. 34 In Specx’s estimatio
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calculations yielded a profit of 41
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notes on these documents, suggest t
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It was, of course, a fiction. With
Page 253 and 254:
to hang from the body [...] This sh
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van West-Indien (New World, or a De
Page 257 and 258:
title page of the revised edition a
Page 259 and 260:
It occurred to me that these miracu
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third in the Kort Verhael. This rep
Page 263 and 264:
This extraordinary conclusion might
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enemy” and the positive effects o
Page 267 and 268:
appeared in the late 1630s in the c
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versus settlement. He was also more
Page 271 and 272:
An exceptionally cold winter delaye
Page 273 and 274:
failure of Dutch imperialism from t
Page 275 and 276:
that focuses on political and imper
Page 277 and 278:
support to the WIC, but they also i
Page 279 and 280:
Maurits predicted and which was not
Page 281 and 282:
British Library Additional Manuscri
Page 283 and 284:
Burke, Peter. A Social History of K
Page 285 and 286:
Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An
Page 287 and 288:
Jonge, J. K. J. De Oorsprong van Ne
Page 289 and 290:
Noorlander, Danny L. “Serving God
Page 291 and 292:
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Na
Page 293:
1624-1654, edited by Marianne L. Wi
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