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abundance of items. It is the self‐contentment.”[2]
The Prophet (s) also warned against the excessive avidity. He said, “O people! Calm down in
seeking your livelihood. Man will never obtain more than the decreed, and will never leave this
world before receiving the decided.”[3] Imam al‐Hassan (a) said, “Avidity is the enemy of
mentalities. Adam was expelled from the Paradise because of avidity.”
Avidity urges unheedingly on obtaining riches. Man is inconsiderate that earnings and sustenance
are in God’s hand that He bestows to whomever He desires and prohibits from whomever He
desires. Man’s excessive endeavors will never change anything of the limited sustenance. Ibn
Zureiq the poet assures this meaning. He affirms that God had already distributed the individuals’
earnings; hence, it is nonsense to exert excessive efforts for gaining and profiting.
Avidity draws to many sufferings and pitfalls, seduces to strive and work hard, deprives of rest and
settlement, and arouses grief and pains. The best way of getting rid of this ill manner is the
contentment to God’s decree and contemplating that these riches will surely inherited by others.
Hence, if the riches are ill‐gotten, then the sin will be stuck to the collector while their benefits will
be the inheritors’.
PARSIMONY
Parsimony is a vile quality and an ill manner. It is one of the fruits of adhering to the worldly
affairs, as ethicists affirm. Reality of parsimony:
For ethicists, parsimony is the stinginess in the situations of the necessary giving. It is the
preference of abstinence in any matter. Imam al‐Hassan (a), when was asked about the meaning
of parsimony, expressed, “It is to consider any spending as a loss.”[4] This is the most accurate
definition of parsimony.
Warning against parsimony:
Islam has struggled and warned against this aspect. The Quran and the prophetic traditions refer
to this topic in many texts. God says:
Those who are niggardly and bid people to be niggardly and hide what Allah has given to them out
of His grace.
And let not those deem, who are niggardly in giving away that which Allah has granted them out
of His grace, that it is good for them. Nay, it
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