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the books so slightly so that he will not hear the sounds of the papers.” Learners should also
esteem their teachers in their presence or absence, use various styles of honoring and veneration,
neglect using their names, and stand their flaws and roughness. Ashafii reported, “People
informed Sufian bin Uyeina that some people, who had come from distant districts, would leave
him because of his harshness.” He said, “They are surely ignorant if they leave their advantages
because of my ill manners.” Learners should also be in the class before their teachers, sit in front
of them, not lean to a wall or a pad, and not turn the back before them. All these affairs
[1] Refer to the following reference books:
al‐Elmawi’s al‐Mabad: 13.
Usulul‐kafi: 1/36.
Education and teaching in Islam: 74‐6.
al‐Farabi’s A thesis of policy: 29.
contradict the teachers’ rights. They should also listen heedfully to their teachers and save them
against repeating the teaching materials. Moreover, learners should avoid yawning, eructing,
laughing, mocking, or practicing any deed that dishonors the teachers.
‐ Learners should not combine two subjects of study at the same time, lest their minds will be
exceedingly disturbed. Ibn Khuldoun says, “Learners must not mix two matters of knowledge at
the same time, lest they will be too deficient to obtain any of them since this causes mind
confusion and leaning to one on the account of the other.”
‐ Learners should not associate with other than the hard‐working students so that they receive
the good behaviors. It is said that the social life is influential and being influenced. Each individual
gives and takes from the surroundings. Lazy and slender individuals will surely convey their
qualities to their associates.
‐ Primary learners should not involve themselves in discrepancies and ambiguous opinions of the
master scholars especially in conceptual theses, lest these variant opinions will weaken their
mentalities and natures.
‐ Learners should not move to another lesson before they master the earlier. Negligence will
surely cause tardiness and skillessness.
PROSPERITY OF THE SCIENTIFIC LIFE
Islam has overthrown totally all of the concepts of Jahilism[*] including ignorance, fables, and
submission to delusions and hallucination. It brought about a genuine conscience and a
tremendous development in the conceptual and scientific fields. It has also used all means to
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