the nature of representation: the cherokee right ... - Boston University
the nature of representation: the cherokee right ... - Boston University
the nature of representation: the cherokee right ... - Boston University
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2005] THE NATURE OF REPRESENTATION 97<br />
gifted writer, John Ross. “For <strong>the</strong> most part his assets consisted <strong>of</strong> slaves, perhaps<br />
twenty before removal, and <strong>of</strong> lands in Tennessee and Georgia . . . Ross may also<br />
have received as much as one thousand dollars a year from his ferry.” 22 Ross’s two<br />
plantations—Red Hill and Head <strong>of</strong> Coosa—were valued at “$23,665.75, making<br />
him one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five wealthiest men in <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Nation.” 23 In a telling appraisal<br />
<strong>of</strong> his Head <strong>of</strong> Coosa plantation, his two story house was valued at $3,500 while<br />
his outhouse was valued <strong>the</strong> same as a larger Negro house at $25. 24 Ross’s esteem<br />
among <strong>the</strong> Cherokees rose when he told <strong>the</strong> Cherokee assembly on October 24,<br />
1823 that U.S. commissioners had attempted to bribe him. 25 Then on January 21,<br />
1832, <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Phoenix printed his personal account <strong>of</strong> an attempted<br />
assassination that he survived. 26 The Cherokee elite would later divide into<br />
factions, but Ross never lost <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokee people. 27<br />
While tirelessly seeking to prevent <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokee homeland, Ross<br />
worked both in Georgia/Tennessee and in Washington, D.C. As a result, “[h]e<br />
became such a figure at <strong>the</strong> federal capital that mail addressed simply “John Ross,<br />
Washington,” would reach him.” 28<br />
C. Periods in Cherokee Negotiations<br />
The election <strong>of</strong> Andrew Jackson as President <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States began <strong>the</strong><br />
Cherokee removal era. A divided Congress considered Indian removal, 29 but<br />
“[w]hen <strong>the</strong> removal bill was passed by a narrow majority, every possible means<br />
formal education inevitably erode it.” DENSON, supra note 8, at 19.<br />
22<br />
Gary E. Moulton, Introduction to 1 THE PAPERS OF CHIEF JOHN ROSS, supra note<br />
14, at 4-5. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> civil war, Ross held between 50 and 100 slaves in<br />
Oklahoma. WILLIAM G. MCLOUGHLIN, AFTER THE TRAIL OF TEARS: THE CHEROKEES’<br />
STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY 1839-1880, at 220 (1993). A different author puts <strong>the</strong><br />
number at between 70 and 100 at <strong>the</strong> time Ross stated Cherokee neutrality on May 17,<br />
1861. R. HALLIBURTON,JR., supra note 20, at 125.<br />
23<br />
1GARY E. MOULTON,JOHN ROSS: CHEROKEE CHIEF 80 (1978).<br />
24<br />
Property Appraisal <strong>of</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Coosa, Cherokee Register <strong>of</strong> Valuations (Dec.<br />
16, 1836), in 1THE PAPERS OF CHIEF JOHN ROSS, supra note 14, at 465-466.<br />
25<br />
1MOULTON, supra note 23, at 24.<br />
26<br />
Cherokee Phoenix (Jan. 21, 1832), in PAPERS OF CHIEF JOHN ROSS, supra note 14, at<br />
236-239.<br />
27<br />
Georgia Governor Wilson Lumpkin felt that Ross also enjoyed <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong><br />
most members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. government: “[A]ll <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, except<br />
General Jackson and a few <strong>of</strong> his personalfriends, were Ross men at heart, and as far as<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficial position would allow <strong>the</strong>y endeavored to elevate and streng<strong>the</strong>n Ross at<br />
<strong>the</strong> expense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best interest<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokee people.” 2 LUMPKIN, supra note 3, at 33.<br />
28<br />
1MOULTON, supra note 23, at 198.<br />
29<br />
See, House Debate on <strong>the</strong> Indian Removal Question (May 15, 26, 1830) in 2THE<br />
AMERICAN INDIAN AND THE UNITED STATES: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY 1017-1123<br />
(Wilcomb E. Washburn ed., 1973).