UPDATED TOPICS IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE ABDOMINAL SURGERY

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136 Updated Topics in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery Van Dalen, R.; Bagshaw, PF.; Dobbs, BR.; Robertson, GM.; Lynch, AC. & Frizelle, FA. (2003). The utility of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in women of reproductive age. Surg Endosc, Vol.2, No.2, pp. 1311- 1313, ISSN 0930-2794 Van den Broeck, WT.; Bijnen, AB.; Van Eerten, PV.; De Ruiter P. & Gouma DJ. (2000). Selective use of dignostic laparoscopy in patients with suspected appendicitis. Surg Endosc, Vol.14, No.10, pp. 938- 941, ISSN 0930-2794 Vettoretto, N. & Agresta F. (2011). A brief review of laparoscopic appendectomy: the issues and the evidence. Tech Coloproctol, Vol.15, No.1, pp.1-6, ISSN 1428-045X Walsh, CA.; Tang, T. & Walsh SR. (2008). Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Surg, Vol., No., pp. 339-344, ISSN Wang, Y.; Reen, DJ. & Puri P. (1996). Is a histologically normal appendix following emergency appendicectomy always normal? The Lancet, Vol.347, Issue 9008, pp. 1076-79, ISSN 1543-2165 Weston, AR.; Jackson, TJ. & Blamey, S.(2005). Diagnosis of appendicitis in adults by ultrasonography or computed tomography: Asystemic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, Vol.21, No.3, pp. 368- 379, ISSN: 1948-5204 Wei, HB.; Huang, JL.; Zheng, ZH.; Wei, B.; Zheng, F.; Qiu, WS.; Guo, WP.; Chen, TF. & Wang, TB.(2010). Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a prospective randomized comparison. Surg Endosc, Vol.59, No.1, pp. 266-9, ISSN 0930-2794 Wie, HJ.; Lee, JH.; Kyung, MS.; Jung, US.; Choi, JS. (2008). Is incidental appendectomy necessary in women with ovarian endometrioma? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, Vol.48, No 1, pp.107-111, ISSN 0004-8666 Wullstein, C. Barkhausen, S. & Gross, E. (2001). Results of laparoscopic vs. conventional appendectomy in complicated appendicitis. Dis Col Rectum, Vol.44, No.11, pp. 1700- 1705, ISSN 0100-6991 Yang, HR.; Wang, YC.; Chung, PK.; Chan, WK.; Jeng, LB. & Chen, RJ. (2005). Role of leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage, and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the elderly. Am Surg,Vol.2, No.1, pp. 344-7, ISSN 1681-715 Yeh, CC.; Wu, SC.; Liao, CC.; Su, LT.; Hsieh, CH. & Li, TC. (2011). Surgical Endoscopy, Mar 18, [epub ahead of print], Vol.17, No. 13, ISSN 1007-9327 Zbar, RI.; Crede, WB.; McKhann, CF. & Jekel, JF. (1993). The postoperative incidence of small bowel obstruction following standard, open appendectomy and cholecystectomy: a six year retrospective cohort study at Yale- New Haven Hospital. Conn Med, 57, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 123- 127, ISSN 1715-5258
1. Introduction Appendicitis and Appendicectomy 9 Sami M. Shimi Department of Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee Scotland, United Kingdom The term appendicitis was first used by an epic publication by FITZ (Harvard Medical School) in 1886. FITZ outlined the clinical diagnosis and suggested early removal of the appendix. This new concept was not readily accepted. The first recorded appendicectomy was reported from Australia and was done on a kitchen table in Toowoonba in 1893. Appendicectomy in the UK did not gain early acceptance until 1902, when Sir Frederick Treves operated on King Edward VII twelve days before his coronation. 2. Epidemiology The epidemiology of appendicitis has caused a lot of intrigue. Although appendicitis was unknown before the 18 th Century, there was a striking increase in its prevalence from the end of the 19 th Century. There were suggestions that it was a side effect of modern western life. Although evidence for this was lacking, the rapid emergence of appendicitis in developed countries in the 20 th Century and its rarity in rural areas and in undeveloped countries was sited as evidence. By the mid 1920s appendicitis became sufficiently common. Several theories have been advanced to account for the prevalence of the disease. One theory suggested that diet was responsible for the geographical distribution of appendicitis. It was however clear that diet could not fully explain the epidemiology of appendicitis. An alternative hypothesis proposed that improved hygiene in developed countries reduced the exposure of infants to enteric organisms would, modify the immune response to virus infections which might then cause appendicitis. Although this theory was accepted for many years, the hygiene hypothesis does not adequately explain the recent decline in the frequency of appendicitis in the latter half of the 20 th Century. It remains uncertain whether there has been a real change in the incidence of appendicitis or whether the presentation and course of the disease has indeed changed. The current incidence of appendicitis is about 100 per 100,000 person-years in Europe/America. Whereas the appendectomy rate is still decreasing, the incidence of appendicitis is now nearly stable. During the last 30 years the incidence of perforated appendicitis has not changed (approximately 20 per 100,000 person-years). Established risk factors for acute appendicitis are age (peak: 10-19 years), sex, and ethnic group/race. Classical theories (diet, hygiene) present illuminating models to explain the rise and fall of incidence in the last century; however, from a contemporary perspective the evidence is insufficient. The study of the epidemiology of appendicitis is complicated by the influence
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Appendicitis
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Part 1 Laparoscopic Biliary-Pancrea
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Laparoscopic Liver Resection 2.2.1
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Laparoscopic Liver Resection of 64
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Laparoscopic Liver Resection conver
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Laparoscopic Liver Resection (Bruix
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Laparoscopic Liver Resection (Buell
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UPDATED TOPICS IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE ABDOMINAL SURGERY

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