Study of Technology for Detecting Pre-Ignition Conditions of ... - NIST

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TITLE AND SUBTITLE (CITE IN FULL)
Study of Technology for Detecting Pre-Ignition Conditions of Cooking-Related Fires Associated with Electric and Gas Ranges and
Cooktops, Phase I I
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AUTHOR(S) (LAST NAME, FIRST INITIAL, SECOND INITIAL) PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (CHECK (X) ONE BOX)
Johnsson, E. L.
LABORATORY AND DIVISION NAMES IFIRST NIST AUTHOR ONLY)
Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Fire Science Division
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The U. S. Conatmter Product SafetyCommission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda,MD 20814
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ABSTRACT (A 2DDD-CHARACTER OR LESS FACTUAL SUMMARY OF MOST SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION. IF DOCUMENT INCLUDES A SIGNIFICANT BIBLIOGRAPHY 01
LITERATURE SURVEY, CITE IT HERE. SPELL OUT ACRONYMS ON FIRST REFERENCE.} (CONTINUE ON SEPARATE PAGE, IF NECESSARY.)
A significant portion of residential fires stem from kitchen cooking fires. Existing fire data indkate that cooking fires primarily arc umttended and most often involw
oil or grease. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the existence of one or more common features or characteristics of the prc-ignition environment tha
could be used as input to a sensor in a pr&fire detection devise. The ultimate goal of this continuing study is to evaluate the feasibilhy of irtcorpomt~o such a devia
into the range thatwould mast to a pre-fire umdhion and reduee the oecttrrenee of unwanted kitchen fires. The focus of the study was unattended foods placed in pan
on burners set to high heat. Experiments were conducted with three dMferentfoods and with gas and electric ranges to investigate the pre-igrtition environment of acttra
range-top cooking tires. Numerous temperatures in the near surroundings as well as local plume velocity and laser attenuation measurements were recorded. A Fourie
--sfo~ infrar&l, FTIR, spectrometer was used to observe significant species production above the fed. Results of these experiments arc presented and evaluated
The second part of this study was a literature and patent search of technologies with the capabiMy to act as either the sensor in a pre-fire detection device or as thI
automatic control that would respond to a detector warning signal by shutting off the gas or electricity supply. A broad range of potential detection technologies wcn
reviewed because the pre-fire signatures had not yet been identified. A bibliography and comments on the appticabfhy of different technologies are included. ‘III{
conctuaions pertaining to the experiments arc based on measurements and observations of combmtions of specific ranges, pans, fbods, and ventilation so extmpolatio]
to other conditions should be performed with caution. The major conclusions of this =earch are as follows: (1) Strong indkators of impcndlng ignition werl
temperatures, smoke particulate% and hydrocarbon gases. (2) Promising detection technologies include tin oxide (SnOJ sensors for hydmr=mbondetection, narrow ban{
infrared absorption for hydrocarbon detection, scattenqa or attenuation types of photoelectric devices for smoke particle detection, thermocouples for thermometry of U-N
burner, pan, range surface (top and below), or range hood. (3) Logieal processing of signals from two or more of the detection technologies could be an importan
means bv which false alarms of me-ignition conditions are etiminatcd. (4) Control technologies exist that arc applicable to the safe shutdown and restart of gas am
KEY WORDS 04tAXiMUM OF 9:28 CHARACTERS AND SPACES EACH; SEPARATE WITH SEMICOLONS; ALPHABETIC ORDER: CAPITALIZE ONLY PROPER NAMES)
Iapplianctx fire detection, fire preventio% ignition prevention, kitchen fires; residential buildings; sensors; smoke detectors; stnoke
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