1980 - National Institute of Oceanography

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
DONA PAULA GOA
INDIA

The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) came into
existence in 1966. The Institute besides having its Headquarters
in Dona Paula, Goa, has three Regional Centres in Cochin,
Bombay and Waltair.
The Institute has identified 8 major priority areas for Research
& Development with the object of utilizing the Sea and its
resources for the benefit of our people and to develop technology
to be utilized by the users of the Sea. The major R & D areas are:
1. Food from the Sea
2. Minerals from the Sea
3. Energy from the Sea
4. Drugs from the Sea
5. Coastal Zone Management
6. Protection of Marine Environment from Pollution
7. Marine Instrumentation
8. Ocean Engineering
The Institute is also aiming at developing self sufficiency in
ocean technology and be the focal point of oceanographic Data and
Information pertaining to the Indian Ocean region.
Main building of the National Institute of Oceanography at Dona Paula, Goa

ANNUAL REPORT
1980
16
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)
DONA PAULA-403 004
GOA, INDIA

CONTENTS
Page No.
1. Director's Report 1
2. Major Scientific Highlights 5
3. Research Activities
3.0 Oceanographic Cruises 9
3.1 Physical Oceanography 19
3.2 Chemical Oceanography 27
3.3 Geological Oceanography 37
3.4 Biological Oceanography 45
3.5 Ocean Engineering 57
3.6 Marine Instrumentation 61
3.7 Planning, Publication, Information & Data 65
3.8 Regional Centres 71
3.9 Sponsored Projects 83
3.10 International Projects 89
4. Infrastructure Services 91
5. Administrative Set-up
5.1 Cruise Planning and Programme Priorities
Committee for R.V. Gaveshani 95
5.2 Research Advisory Council 96
5.3 Executive Committee 97
54 Finance and Building Committee 98
5.5 R.V. Gaveshani Committee 99
5.6 Policy Planning Committee 99
5.7 Stores and Equipment Committee 99
5.8 Grievance Committee 100
5.9 Staff Quarters/Hostel Allotment Committee 100
5.10 Budget 100
5.11 Scientific and Technical Staff 101
6. Visitors 105
7. Colloquia 108
8. Awards, honours and membership of various committees 110
9. Deputations 113
10. Meetings, exhibitions, seminars, symposia and special lectures 115
11. Radio Talks 122
12. Publications
12.1 Scientific Papers 123
12 2 Popular Articles and Book Reviews 129
12.3 Technical Reports 131
12.4 Sponsored Project Reports 131

1
Director's Report
The year marks the completion of 15 years of R & D activities by the Institute,
during which period it has developed competence in practically all fields of oceanography
and is now in a position to provide its services to the nation in the fields of
exploration and exploitation of the vast, yet inadequately tapped resources of the
seas around India.
During the year, R.V. Gaveshani had spent 239 days at sea on 19 cruises in
the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and worked at 645 stations. The ship, for the first
time, paid a goodwill visit to a foreign port at Penang. Malaysia in January, 1980.
A large volume of information was collected during these cruises on the physical,
chemical, geological and geophysical aspects and on the living and non-living resources
as well as on environmental conditions of the seas around India. The knowledge thus
gained is being utilised in different ways as a major input to the research and development
programme of the Institute which is comprised of 25 projects. Work on
these projects has been carried out from the headquarters by the physical, chemical,
geological-geophysical and biological oceanography, marine instrumentation and ocean
engineering divisions. These were assisted by the planning and data division and
three regional centres of NIO at Cochin. Bombay and Waltair.
A. R and D Projects
Much impetus was given to physical oceanography by the launching of an
oceanographic and meteorological data buoy. This buoy was moored from R.V.
Gaveshani off Goa in the Arabian Sea at a water depth of about 100 m. All the
probes installed on the buoy worked satisfactorily.
Studies on chemical data collected from the seas around India revealed some
nteresting features on the relative fertility of the Andaman Sea. Biochemical investigations
on marine organisms showed that certain species possess antifertility and
antibiotic properties. Pollution studies along the oil tanker routes in the Arabian Sea
and Bay of Bengal revealed the presence of about 3700 and 1100 tonnes of floating tar
balls respectively, while the petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper 20 m of the two
seas was estimated to be several million tonnes. A new multidisciplinary project
on studies of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India was initiated.
•

Under the geological and geophysical programme, the survey of the entire
western continental shelf has been completed. This has not only provided some
basic information on geomorphology, sediment distribution and surficial geology of
the area but has also led to the demarcation of areas of economic interest potentially
important from the point of view of future exploitation.
As a part of the programme on offshore mineral exploration, the Institute has developed
the methodology and techniques for the exploration of shore deposits of heavy
minerals.
The biology programme of the Institute include an intensive survey of seaweed
resources along the west coast and the location of areas of high concentration of economically
important seaweeds, demarcation of productive areas in the Arabian Sea and Bay of
Bengal and the investigations on benthos and their relationship with demersal fisheries.
In the aquaculture project, modified techniques were employed for the culture of
shell fish, shrimp and Artemia. The Artemia is in great demand as food in the
aquaculture experiments and the Institute has located new resources of Artemia and
has also cultured Anemia on a mass scale in the salt pans of Gujarat.
A new project on the "energy from the sea" was started and status reports
on the energy from ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), waves, tides, salinity
and from marine biomass conversion are being prepared. The design of a laboratory
model of OTEC plant with 200 watt capacity is ready for fabrication. Reports on
methods developed for wave hindcasting and storm surges were also prepared.
Efforts to develop some of the oceanographic instruments in the Institute were
intensified and design and fabrication of 'sea probes' such as CTD system, buoy
telemetry system and a shallow water echosounder were completed and successfully
tested. A profile current meter was also designed and fabricated.
The Cochin Regional Centre of NIO has gathered considerable information
on the living resources of certain regions of the Indian Ocean while the Bombay
Centre continued to work on the protection of marine environment and monitoring
of pollutants along the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts. Baseline water quality
analysis of the river Narmada in Gujarat and a comparative study on the behaviour
of some metals in polluted and unpolluted waters were completed during the year.
The Waltair Centre made a steady progress in oceanographic work off Waltair and
nearby areas and studied the crustal structure and basement tectonics of the Bay of
Bengal.
B. Sponsored Projects
During the year, the Institute has fully utilized the expertise and available
indigenous technology and has provided services and support to various public and
private sector undertakings through as many as 26 sponsored projects on areas such

as development of offshore oilfields, pollution control, coastal development, and
resources survey at a total cost of Rs 36 lakhs (Rs 3 6 million) These projects
were of direct interest to the user community
C. Services
Planning, Publication and Information Sections of the Institute have done
commendable work by releasing regular publications in time. An Indian National
Directory of Marine Research Projects was compiled and released. The Indian
National Oceanographic Data Centre acquired and stored data on standard formats
pertaining to more than one thousand stations. The statewise atlases covering hydrographic,
current and biological date for three Indian states (Maharashtra, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu) were also completed.
Under the 'computer software services' several programmes were developed
for processing various oceanographic data and information. The computer facility was
also made available to various public/private organizations and educational institutions.
More than 850 books, 720 technical reports and 10 new journals were added to the
library. The NIO library also received a valuable personal collection from Prof
E C Lafond as a gift to the Institute.
Photography drawing, printing, binding and xeroxing groups have rendered
valuable services to various Divisions. Similarly, workshop electroplating and prototype
groups have continued to give their full support. The maintenance and servicing group
did the needful for the maintenance of both laboratory and shipboard equipment
Several new instruments (systems) were acquired and installed to enhance the
working capability of the Institute. Among these the boomerang grab, programmable
automatic scintillation counter coulter counter double beam atomic absorption spectropholometer,
ATP meter, are worth mentioning.
D. Miscellaneous
During the year 130 research papers and popular articles were published in
standard national and international journals besides many technical reports. A
number of colloquia were organised and more than 3,000 persons with a scientific interest
visited the Institute. The visit of Prof Nurul Hasan, Vice President of CSIR
was most stimulating and generated a lot of interest among the scientific staff
The Institute hosted an international seminar on 'India and the East African,
Littoral, Hinterland and Island States' - Areas of Co-operation in January 1980. This
seminar was co-sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations the Centre of
East African Studies of Bombay University and the National Institute of Oceanography.
About 50 scientist and educationists from India and African countries participated
in the Seminar.

An all India seminar on 'Protection and Control of Coastal Erosion in India',
was organised in May 1980 in which more than 60 papers were presented. A manual
on Protection and Control of Coastal Erosion in India was released on this occasion.
A national workshop on 'Energy from the Sea' was held in December, 1980.
About 75 delegates (engineers, technologists and scientists) from different organizations
in the country participated in this workshop.
The year was marked by the participation of many scientists of the Institute
to several national and international seminars, workshops and symposia.
Director.
National Institute of Oceanography

2
Major Scientific Highlights
• R. V. Gaveshani carried out 35,000 line kilometres of oceanographic survey
in the seas around India and collected a large amount of oceanographic information-
The ship paid a goodwill visit of 4 days to Penang (Malaysia). While at Penang, the
ship was visited by a large number of local dignitaries and scientific personnel who were
very appreciative of the progress made by India in the field of marine science.
• Results from MONEX-79 programme indicate that in spite of the increase
in sea surface temperature by about 1°C and decrease in the thickness of the mixed layer
by about 10 metres, the cyclone neat potential shows an increase from May to June
(1979). Transformation of the thermodynamic energy suggests that the energy due
to contraction of mixing is important in understanding the watermass structure.
• Oceanographic data collected from the Andaman Sea revealed that an annual
evaporation rate of about 137 cm over the region and the vertical heat transport were
confined to 20 m of water where a strong halocline prevented the heat transfer to
greater depth. These findings have an important bearing on the moisture transfer
and atmospheric circulation in the area. In the Andaman Sea, Persian Gulf water
was identified in the depth range of 200-500m with a characteristic high salinity,
temperature and deltat. Below this and in the depth range of 500-900 m the water
of Red Sea origin seems to be present. In the northern part of the Andaman Sea,
mixed layer with a thickness of about 75 metre was identified.
• Hydrochemical data off the west coast indicated the presence of two oxygen
minima associated with two phosphate maxima at a depth of about 300 and 1000 m.
• Pollution surveys along the oil tanker routes in the Arabian Sea and in the
southern Bay of Bengal from south of Sri Lanka to the head of the Malacca
Strait showed an abundance of oil slicks amounting to nearly 3700 tonnes and 1100
tonnes of floating tar balls in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal respectively.
• The effect of three heavy metals (copper, cadmium and zinc) on two copepod
species showed that copper is a more toxic metal than the others.
• A total magnetic intensity map of the northern part of Konkan coast was
prepared on a 100 gamma interval which showed a N-S trend with a number of
closures. The conspicuous feature of the map is the two major NNW-SSE lineations.
• The exploration for ilmenite placers in Ratnagiri, Mirya and Kalbadevi bays
showed the ilmenite reserves to be of the order of 2 million tonnes. Shallow seismic
5

ecords in 13 other bays showed the thickness of the sand to be about 21 metres.
Thus, the total reserves of ilmenite in these bays appear to be many times greater
than that of the Ratnagiri Bay.
• A study of the sediments of the region surrounding Cape Comorin showed
that its western side is dominated by terrigenous sediments while its eastern side
is dominated by carbonate sediments.
• X-ray diffraction studies on limestone dredge from the shelf (90 m. depth)
showed that its mineralogy does not indicate its exposure to fresh water resulting
either from rainfall or from percolation of ground water. These results support
earlier findings that the Peninsular India had a semi-arid climate in the past.
• Studies on the crustal structure and basement tectonics of the Bay of Bengal
have delineated several new surface and subsurface structural features such as an
escarpment as a surface and a subsurface high over the continental slope extending
along the east coast, a deep and wide marginal basin over the southern continental
margin and graben extending in southeast and northeast directions.
• Experiments on raft-grown mussels showed that the cultured mussels develop
special behavioural, physiological and bio-chemical adaptations to overcome the
range of variation in the environmental factors at the culture site. Growth studies
on the shrimps Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus dobsoni under different frequency
of feeding revealed that growth patterns in both tne species follow a linear trend.
• A system was designed in the laboratory to simulate the field conditions for
the study of the role of microorganisms in specialized ecosystem like mangroves.
• Memodyne digital cassette recorder interfacing circuits have been developed
for temporary storage of oceanographic data.
• A single board computer-based microprocessor was designed and developed.
A serial monitor programme was also developed to communicate with the microprocessor
through a teletype or an RS-232-D terminal.
• The design and fabrication of an indigenous CTD system, shallow water echosounder
and a profile current meter were completed.
• The design of a laboratory model of OTEC plant of capacity 200 watts was
completed.
6

Research Activities

3.0
Oceanographic Cruises
Research vessel Gaveshani
Of the 19 cruises carried out during the year by R.V. Gaveshani. 11 were in
the Arabian Sea and 8 in the Bay of Bengal. Oceanographic data from 645 stations
were collected during these cruises. Besides this, surveys of the pipeline routes from
Bassein to Bombay High and Direction Bank and in the estuarine regions of the
rivers Hooghly and Mahanadi for fixing the position of the drilling rig "Chancellors
Ville" of Oil India Ltd., were also carried out.
Shipboard facilities on Gaveshani were also availed by a large number of
scientists from other organizations such as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(BARC,.Institute of Petroleum Exploration (IPE), Geological Survey of India (GSI),
Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), Oil India Limited (OIL), National Geophysical
Research Institute (NGRI), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).
National Physical Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL), Space Applications Centre
(SAC) and India Meteorological Department (IMD).
9

Summaries of the cruises 66 to 84 are as follows:
Cruise 66 ( Chief Scientist—T.S.S. Rao)
This 17-days cruise from 27 December, 1979 to 14 January, 1980 formed a
part of the continuing programme of NIO to monitor the pollution in the seas
around India. The objective of the cruise was to survey the oil tanker routes,
from south of Sri Lanka to the head of Malacca Strait and to pay the courtesy
call at Penang (Malaysia) and to visit the marine science institutes and discuss
problems of mutual interest with the Malaysian scientists.
Physical, chemical and biological data were collected from 22 stations and an
area near the Rondo Island, where in early 1979 an American Navy oil tanker
'Sealift Mediterranean' spilled about 5000 tonnes of crude oil, was also surveyed.
No tar balls nor any other floating pollutants were found. Probably strong wind
and heavy swell acted as a deterrant to their accumulation.
After completing all the observations, the ship reached Penang on 9th January.
This was the first time that R.V. Gavashani visited a foreign port. An "open house"
was organised to enable the scientists ar,d other interested persons to visit the ship
and see the research facilities on board. More than 200 persons visited the ship.
They appreciated the work carried out by NIO and stressed the need for collaboration
between Indian and Malaysian scientists to work on some of the common
problems in the field of marine research. All scientists on board visited the Fisheries
Research Laboratory and Tunku Abdul Rahman Aquarium at Glugor. Penang and
Schools of Physical, Chemical and Biological Sciences of the University Saing
Malaysia at Minden. Penang and had a fruitful discussion on various subjects.
Visit of R.V. Gaveshani to Penang-
Participants of the cruises 66-68.
11

Cruise 67 (Chief Scientist—T.S.S. Rao)
The main objective of the 13-days cruise from 14 to 26 January was to make
further and in-depth study of the Andaman Seas including the interaction of water
masses coming through the Malacca Strait into the Bay of Bengal via Andaman Seas.
Twentysix stations were worked during this cruise and 1900 analyses of 245
water samples were carried out on board. About 200 samples were preserved for
the analysis of heavy metals. Zooplankton samples were collected using IOSN and
HT nets and sediment samples by a snapper. The oxygen minimum layer, which was
observed at about 200-300m depth along the 10° ridge during the cruise 52, was
not noticed during this cruise. However, low oxygen concentration was observed
at about 150 -200 m depth at all the stations on the western side of the Andaman
islands.
Cruise 68 (Chief Scientist—T.S.S. Rao)
The 12-days cruise from 27 January to 7 February, was conducted to make
a further study of the changes in the quality of water along the oil tanker routes
in the Bay of Bengal and around Nicobar islands.
Twentyfive oceanographic stations were worked during the cruise and 1048
analyses on 134 water samples were carried out on board. Some samples were
preserved for the analysis of heavy metals. The patchy distribution of floating tar
balls along the shipping line (80°E longitude) and a large quantity of tar balls
along the western part of the shipping lane were observed. The freshness of tar
balls indicated that they were formed from some fresh oil spill somewhere north
of 5°30'N latitude which is a shipping lane.
At the request of Chief Secretary, Andaman and Nicobar Administration,
the ship, on its return cruise from Port Blair worked at five stations in the
Campbell Bay in the Great Nicobar island area. From this region several samples
of plankton, benthos and chlorophyll were collected.
Cruise 69 (Chief Scientist—D. Panakala Rao)
This 12-days cruise was from 14 to 25 February between latitudes 11° and
15°N and longitudes 68° and 71°30' E to work out the oceanographic and meteorological
conditions during late winter. This area was earlier studied under MONEX-79
programme.
In all, 58 stations were worked during the cruise. Lower sea surface temperature
was observed during this season as compared to the earlier cruise. Salinity maxima
and minima characteristic of the Arabian Sea were once again recorded in the
column profile. Two oxygen minima at 200 and 600 m separated by a layer of
relatively high oxygen at about 400 m were recorded during the cruise.
On the day of total solar eclipse (16 February), biological and meteorological
observations were made in the zone of total solar eclipse (13°25'N and 71°30'E).
12

Using IOSN, zooplankton samples were collected before, during and after the
total solar eclipse from 100 to 0 m to work out the pattern of vertical migration
of animals during the various phases of the eclipse. Hourly surface meteorological
observations were also taken from 1200 to 1700 hours which did not show any
decrease in the air or sea surface temperatures during the total eclipse.
Cruise 70 (Chief Scientist—H.N. Siddiquie)
This short cruise of 3-days from 5 to 7 March was primarily organised off
Goa for testing the equipment received under NORAD assistance programme on
'Geological and geophysical surveys of the west coast'. The trials during the cruise
indicated some fault in the records obtained from the ORE-mud penetrator. The
fault was arising from the hull-mounted transducers. Some mal-functioning in the
triggering of EG and G sparker and boomer was also noticed. Remedial measures
for these problems were undertaken before the next cruise.
The CTD system designed and fabricated at NIO was successfully tested and
the results were compared with the Guideline CTD system.
Cruise 71 (Chief Scientist—H.N. Siddiquie)
This cruise of 17-days duration was from 11 to 27 March. The main objective
of this cruise was to fill in the gaps in the geological and geophysical surveys
of the western continental margin carried out earlier so that the coverage may be
extended upto the shelf south of Cochin.
During the cruise, 2061 line km of echosounding, 972 line km of side scan
sonar, 1595 line km of shallow seismic profiling, 390 line km of deep seismic
profiling and 1469 line km of magnetics were carried out. Underwater camera was
operated at 4 stations. Water samples and grab samples were collected from 25
and 73 stations respectively.
The surveys indicate that the continental shelf upto a depth of about 40 m
and in some cases upto 25 m (off Cochin), is marked by an even topography due
to clay cover. Beyond this depth, the topography is uneven and along the shelf
break, off Mangalore and Cochin, a number of pinnacles are clearly seen. The
samples collected show that the outer shelf is largely covered by olive grey to
greyish olive silty to clayey sands and the slope has silt and clayey silt.
Samples of Trichodesmium were also collected off Kerala coast where bloom
was seen in profusion.
Cruise 72 (Chief Scientist—H. N. Siddiquie)
This 12-days cruise from 2 to 13 April formed a part of the NIO-IPE-ONGC
collaboration programme (NCST Priority Project No. 6), entitled, "Sedimentological,
geochemical and microbiological studies in the continental shelf between Bombay High
and offshore of Kutch including the Gulf of Cambay and Kutch".
Four tracks on the shelf covering 975 line km of echosounding, 870 line km of
ORE profiling, 200 line km of EG & G sparker and 993 line km of magnetics were
13

covered during the cruise. In addition, 29 water samples, 46 grab samples, 4 dredge
samples, 4 core samples and 12 bottom photographs were taken.
The surveys indicated that the continental shelf from the shore to a depth of
60-75 m is marked by even topography because of the clay cover.
Cruise 73 (Chief Scientist—H.N. Siddiquie)
This cruise of 19-days duration was from 13 April to 1 May. It was sponsored
by the ONGC for the development of offshore oilfields. The work included: survey
of the pipeline routes from South Bassein to Direction Bank, from Direction Bank up
to the shore and shallow seismic surveys at South Bassein and Direction Bank.
During this cruise, more than 290 line km of echosounding, 660 line km of
ORE mud penetrator profiling, 1060 line km of sparker and 120 line km of magnetic
surveys were carried out.
Along the proposed pipeline route (from Bassein to Direction Bank), the depth
varied from 51 m at Bassein to 65 m on the southern side and 41 m at the Bank.
From Direction Bank along the route the depth ranged from 45 m at the Bank to
55 m towards east and 15 m near the shore.
Cruise 74 (Chief Scientist—H.N. Siddiquie)
This 12-days cruise from 4 to 15 May was carried out in continuation of the
earlier cruise. During the cruise shallow seismic profiling on the Bassein structure and
the post-lay survey of the pipelines from Bassein to Bombay High were carried out.
In all, 20 lines were surveyed in the south Bassein and the pipeline profiling
was done along 50 lines. Over 673 line km of echosounding. 200 line km of side
scan sonar and 671 line km of shallow seismic profiling were carried out.
The depth on south Bassein ranged from 38 to 69 m and increased, in the
northern and eastern sides and also in the southern and western sides- The pipeline
was crossed, in 64 tracks and the pipes were seen in 43 tracks. Along 52 tracks, the
pipelines were very well covered by 2.2.5 m thick sediments and in the remaining 2
tracks, the pipelines apparently were on the seabed or were covered by a thin sediment
only.
Cruise 75 (Chief Scientist—M.G.A.P. Setty)
This 14-days cruise from 21 May to 3 June was devoted to the study of oceanographic
conditions in the MONEX square ( between 11-15°N and 68-71° 31' E) during
the onset of southwest monsoon. Another aspect of the cruise was to study primaryproductivity,
nannoplankton and extra cellular liberation of photosynthates at
various depths of the euphotic zone.
The cruise covered a distance of 3892 line km. in which 50 stations were
worked. Data on phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and silicate were collected at
all the stations.
At the request of BARC, sediment samples from deeper parts of the sea were
collected for their use- Radon activity was also studied during the cruise.
14

Cruise 76 (Chief Scientist—M.G.A.P. Setty)
This cruise of 7-days duration was from 7 to 13 June. It started from Madras
and terminated at Visakhapatnam as a joint project between the NIO and GSI.
Sediment samples during the cruise were collected from 61 stations in the
depth range of 18-250 m for sedimentological, geochemical, micropaleontological and
benthic studies. In addition, samples were also collected from 12 m below the water
surface, and close to the bottom sediment. Water sediment interface samples (nearshore
offshore) from 35 stations were also collected to study the paniculate matter and
suspended load present at these stations. Sample were also obtained for the study
of macro and meiobenthos at all the stations.
Cruise 77 (Chief Scientist—M.G.A.P. Setty)
This cruise of 12-days duration was from 15 to 26 June to study the continental
shelf from about 20 m depth near the shore up to the shelf edge between Visakhapatnam
and the mouth of the river Ganga at 'Swatch of no ground'. Samples were
collected for bathymatric, sedimentological, micropaleontological and geochemical
studies and for benthos distribution in the shelf area.
In all, 115 samples were collected during this cruise. Alphid lobsters (Synalpheus
sp.) with young oysters were collected from a substrate off Puri (Orissa). The
sediment here was coarse and sandy.
Cruise 78 (Chief Scientist—R. Sen Gupta)
The 18-days cruise from 3 to 20 September was undertaken to survey the delta
region of the river Hooghly and the mouth of the river Mahanadi and to carry out
the position fixing of the drilling rig "Chancellors Ville" of the Oil India Ltd. in the
Bay of Bengal.
During the cruise, the ship covered a distance of about 1900 line km and.
worked at 15 stations. Apart from this, 3 anchored stations were worked inside
the river Hooghly where currents and waves were recordede very 2 hours and hydrographic
casts and plankton hauls were taken at 3 hourly interval. 385 water samples
were processed, filtered and/or preserved on board for the examination of different
biological constituents, heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, suspended minerals, etc.
The ship was at anchor for 6 days off the Oil India drilling rig "Chancellors
Ville" during which time 29 satellite navigation fixes were obtained. In addition,
currents, waves, tides and heave of the ship were also measured every hour.
Cruise 79 (Chief Scientist—L.V.G. Rao)
The 14-days cruise was undertaken at the request of ONGC from 23 September
to 6 October to carry out current measurements near the oil bearing structure off
the Godavari basin, south of Visakhapatnam. Current observations were made at
different depths and at different time intervals using a current meter mooring system
developed by the Institute.
Apart from this a survey was conducted to identify some ship wrecks off
15

Visakhapatnam Port at the request of the port authorities. There was another request
from the drill ship "Fredericksberg, for the bathymetry survey of their new location
for the deployment of the drill ship. These surveys were also completed.
Cruise 80 (Chief Scientist—C.K. Gopinathan)
This cruise was organised for 11 days from 8 to 18 October to study the physical,
chemical and biological features of the waters off Coromandal coast (southwest
Bay of Bengal) at the site of the proposed OTEC plant in Tamil Nadu.
A distance of about 350 line km was covered
during the cruise and 24 stations were worked.
Surface meteorological observations such as
recording of wind speed and direction, sea surface
temperature, atmospheric pressure at sea
level, wet and dry bulb readings were carried
out at all the stations.
Oceanographic and Meteorological
Data Buoy deployed off Goa in
the Arabian Sea.
Cruise 81 (Chief Scientist—V.V.R. Varadachari)
This short cruise of 3 days, from 23 to 25
October, was organised off Goa for launching a
meteorological and oceanographic data buoy procured
by the Institute from the Marine Exploration
Ltd. U.K. (MAREX). The buoy was
deployed with the help of the ship's derrick on
24th morning at location lat. 15°2l'N, long.
73°05' E, where water depth was 100 m.
The buoy was retrieved and brought back
into the ship on the same day in the evening-
Apart from the NIO. scientists from BARC,
TIFR, IMD, NPOL, SAC and MAREX (UK)
participated in the cruise. BARC scientists conducted
B.T. observations and ship's speed during
the return journey of the ship. Scientists from
the TIFR made Radon measurements and scientists from SAC collected data on
chlorophyll from the sea and made irradiance measurements.
Cruise 82 (Chief Scientist—V.V.R. Varadachari)
This cruise was for 15 days duration in the MONEX square (occupied earlier
during MONEX-79 programme and in three other cruises) to study the oceanographic
conditions in the area during the peried from 1 to 15 November.
Data were collected from 48 stations. Results indicated that air temperature
and sea surface temperature were low. At all the stations, plankton samples were
also collected.
Besides the NIO scientists, one scientist from TIFR and two from GSI also
16

participated in the cruise. They collected data on Radon and water samples for
determination of mercury respectively.
Cruise 83 (Chief Scientist—Ch. M. Rao)
This 15-days cruise was undertaken from November 21 to December 5 to collect
geological and geophysical data to decipher the regional geology, structure and tectonics
of the continental shelf between Dabhol and Khanderi along the west coast of India.
During the cruise 1820 line km of echosounding. ORE sub-bottom profiling
sparker and magnetic surveys were carried out. Seabed and water samples were
collected from 33 and 12 stations respectively while the underwater camera was
operated at 7 stations. At 16 stations sediment samples collected were sieved for
benthic faunal studies. The surveys revealed that the shelf is marked by even topography
to a depth of about 85 m. Beyond this (70 to 85 m) depth the topography
on the outer shelf is uneven and somewhat rugged. Acoustic masking of reflectors
due to gases was noticed in the inner shelf. Several low amplitude (100 gammas)
magnetic anomalies in all the profiles were also observed-
Besides the NIO participants, three scientists from NPOL, Cochin also participated
in this cruise and carried out sound reverberation studies at 4 stations.
Cruise 84 (Chief Scientist—Ch.M. Rao)
This cruise of 13 days was organised from 11 to 23 December for geological and
geophysical surveys of the continental shelf between Mangrol and Dwarka along the
west coast of India.
During the cruise about 1270 line km of echosounding, ORE sub-bottom
profiling, sparker and magnetic serveys were carried out on ten lines. In addition
magnetic surveys for about 170 line km were carried out on a N.S line while returning
to Goa. Bottom sediment samples were collected at 37 stations and the underwater
camera was operated at 7 stations.
The results of the surveys indicated that the seabed to a depth of 130 m is
largely marked by even topography- The shelf break occurs between 100-140m and
the slope is characterised by rugged topography and steep gradients. The seabed
is carpeted by transparent clay to a depth of about 80 m. The magnetic surveys
indicated three types of magnetic anomalies viz. (i) region to about 20 km from
the shore is characterised by very high amplitude high frequency anomalies, (ii) the
middle shelf is characterised by several prominent high amplitude anomalies, and
(iii) the magnetic signature is smooth on the outer shelf to slope. The sediment
samples show that the outer shelf is largely covered by gray to grayish white clayey
sands with shells and the slope by olive green clayey-sandy-silts.
17

3.1
Physical Oceanography
3.1.1 Studies on ocean-atmosphere interaction
3.1.2 Studies on physical processes in the seas around India
3.1.3 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the
Indian coastline with application to coastal zone management
Ocean currents, their driving forces and land sea-air interaction are some of
the major topics of interest in physical oceanography. A large amount of data on
the variations in temperature, salinity, pressure, wind speed and direction, movement
of the watermasses was collected employing various methods/equipment from the
ship, moored or drifting current meter systems.
During the year, an oeeanographic and meteorological data buoy was moored
from R.V. Gaveshani off Goa in the Arabian Sea. Various instruments for measuring
Profiling current meter developed at NIO.
19

the meteorological parameters have also been installed on the terrace of the main
building. To measure the vertical profile of the horizontal current, a profiling current
meter has been designed and fabricated. The system was tested in the Bay of Bengal
and the preliminary results were found to be encouraging.
3.1.1 Studies on ocean-atmosphere interaction
(a) Distribution of stability of the waters
A comparative study of the vertical stratification in the upper 300 m in
the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal was made. The study revealed that (i) the zone
of maximum stability coincides with the discontinuity layer; (ii) the water column was
strongly stratified in the Bay of Bengal as compared to that of the Arabian Sea.
This feature appears to be one of the factors governing the low level of nutrients
occurring in the surface layers of the Bay of Bengal.
(b) Circulation and its relation to the distribution of oceanographic parameters
Based on the IIOE data collected during February-March, charts on dynamic
topography, mass distribution, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and inorganic
phosphates in the upper layers of the Bay of Bengal, were prepared. This analysis
revealed that:
1. the field of motion in the near-surface layers of the Bay of Bengal during
late winter is the result of various factors such as (i) the winter cooling near the head of
the Bay, (ii) the influence of northeast monsoon winds, (iii) the influence of north
equatorial currents in the southern regions and (iv) the influence of fresh water discharge,
especially in the northern Bay, Andaman Sea and along the east coast of India.
Typical vertical distribution of temperature ( 0 3
C), salinity (per mil), oxygen (ml/1) and PO4 -P (μg-at/l).
20

2. the integral mean concentration of the nutrients in the surface mixed layer
is in agreement with the near-surface circulation. The high value of nutrients associated
with low dissolved oxygen are confined to thicker surface layers indicating
clearly the effect of divergence or cyclonic gyre (convergence or anticyclone gyre)
present in the near-surface circulation.
3. the salinity structure shows that the Bay of Bengal has estuarine type of
circulation due to heavy discharge of fresh water all along its land peripheries.
(c) ΜΟΝΕΧ-79 studies
The hydrographic and MBT data collected during MONEX-79 programme
were processed. For the analysis of these data, the following computer programmes
were developed: (i) Bionomial filter programme for smoothening the digitized data,
(ii) A programme for computing the potential energy of the water column and the
energy changes due to mixing and (iii) A programme for analysing the wave
records.
The study revealed significant variations in the upper 500 m during the period
May to June 1979. The sea surface temperature increases by about 1°C whereas
the thickness of the mixed surface layer decreases by about 10 m. Inspite of the
above features, the cyclone heat potential showed an increase from May to June
1979 in the MONEX square (the region from where the data were collected). The
heat potential was estimated to be about 30 kcal/cm 2 which can maintain a moderate
cyclone for a period of 6 days. The rise in thermocline is attributed to the entrainment
of cool subsurface water into the surface layer. Further studies to prove
this are being carried out using the continuity equation. The influence of equatorial
watermass in the MONEX area is clearly seen during May-June 1979.
Preliminary studies on the thermodynamic potential of seawater indicated that the
changes in energy associated with contraction or mixing are important for understanding
the watermass structure in the MONEX square.
(d) Heat budget of the Andaman Sea
The seasonal heat storage including the fluxes of net radiation, latent and sensible
heat have been worked out for the Andaman Sea. These studies indicated an
annual evaporation rate of about 137 cm over the region of the Andaman Sea and the
vertical heat transport is confined to the upper 20 m where a strong halocline exists
which probably inhibits the heat transfer to deeper waters.
3.1.2 Studies on physical processes in the seas around India
Field data were collected during 7 cruises from the Bay of Bengal including
the Andaman Sea and the eastern Arabian Sea. During two of these cruises (viz-
69th and 75th) observations were carried out in the MONEX square for studying
the post-monsoon conditions. CSTD System was operated and continuous profiles
21

Distribution of temperature (A), salinity (B) and density (C)
along fifth transect in the Andaman Sea.
22
Oceanic cyclone heat potential (kcal cm -2 ) for cruise
54 (A), 55 (B) and 56 (C).

of temperature and salinity/conductivity mostly upto 2000 m depth were obtained at 41
stations. These data are being processed and some of the results are mentioned below:
(a) Surface boundary layer studies
Based on the surface meteorological and wave data collected from two
locations in the western Bay of Bengal in July 1979 during the 58th cruise, surface
layer conditions of the atmosphere of different surface circulations, associated sea
surface roughness and the height of surface roughness were studied. The thermal
stratification of the surface layer as inferred from the Bulk Richardson number
values revealed neutral and near-neutral conditions. The convective activity affected
the sea-air temperature difference and seemed to cause variations in the characteristic
height of the surface layer. Larger variations in the surface layer were encountered
during the rough condition of the sea. The wind hodographs of diurnal variations
showed anticyclonic and a precursor and cyclonic circulations.
(b) Sound velocity structure
Using the hydrographic data collected by R.V. Vityaz during the IIOE
(January-March 1961), sound velocity structure of the Bay of Bengal including the
Andaman Sea has been studied. In the upper 200 m, sound velocity varied significantly
with longitude (8-11 m/sec). It was relatively greater in the low latitude.
The depth of SOFAR channel (axis of primary sound channel) varied between 800 m
and 1750 m. Geographical variations of SOFAR axial velocities were found to be
related to the characteristics of general circulation in the area.
(c) Hydrographic features
Physical characteristics in the Andaman Sea during the winter were studied
using the data collected by R. V. Gaveshani during the period January-February in
1979 and 1980. Distributions of temperature, salinity and density along six transects
were studied and characteristics of watermasses were investigated. The Persian
Gulf water was identified in the depth range of 200-500 m with a characteristic
high salinity of about 35.l%o, temperature range 10 to 12°C and σ- t range 26.7 to 27.0.
Below this, in the depth range 500-900 m the water of the Red Sea seems to
be present. In the northern part of the study area, a mixed layer with thickness
upto 75 m was encountered. The presence of a warm deeper water in the Andaman
Sea area has also been confirmed.
(d) Wave characteristics
Using the wave data collected with a shipborn wave recorder during the 51st
and 52nd cruises (February 1979) and 67th cruise (January 1980) of R.V. Gaveshani
the wave characteristics of the seas around the Andaman and Nicobar islands were
studied. The distribution of zero crossing period, significant wave height and spectral
width parameter were also studied. The predominant zero crossing period and
significant wave heigh were found to be 6-12 secs and 0.6-1.4 metres respectively.
23

3.1.3. Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indian coastline
with application to coastal zone management
Studies under this project have been carried out partly from headquarters and
partly from Regional Centres of Cochin and Bombay.
(a) Studies at Mangalore
The physical characteristics of the water of Gurpur river and New Mangalore
Harbour were investigated to assess their suitability for the proposed disposal of
effluents from the Kudremukh Iron Ore Co., Ltd., Mangalore. The data on currents
(speed and direction), temperature and electrical conductivity were collected at intervals
of fifteen minutes for 25 hours continuously using Aanderaa recording current
meter at a few selected locations. Dispersion studies using Rhodamine-B dye were
also carried out. These studies showed accumulation of pollutants in these water
bodies especially during the non-monsoon months.
(b) Beach studies in Goa area
Studies started during the previous year on the Miramar beach were extended
towards the south covering the region upto Caranzalem. Two locations were continuously
monitored on the northern side to assess the stability and the spatial variations in the
morphology of the various sections with special reference to the impact of probable
movement/shift in the location of the Aguada Bar/shoal present in this environment-
Further studies are in progress.
(c) Development of computer programmes
Computer programmes were developed for spectral analysis of time series data
on waves, currents, temperature, salinity etc. These are (a) autospectrum - using both
FFT algorithm and autocorrelation methods and (b) cross spectrum through FFT
algorithm. The salient features of these programmes are :
(i) Any number of sets of data can be handled,
(ii) Five built-in windows (rectangular, Cosine Taper, Tukey, Blackman and
Hamming) are available in time domain,
(iii) Built-in functions to do ensemble and frequency averaging,
(iv) Removal of noise and correction for the attenuation (wave data) and
(v) Availability of Inverse Fourier Transforms.
En addition, a programme was developed for computer plotting of two dimensional
data.
(d) Estuarine studies
Studies on the dynamics and physical characteristies of the Mandovi and the
Zuari estuaries and the Cumbarjua Canal were undertaken. Taking the average
runoff for the Zuari and the Mandovi estuaries as 9 km 3 /year and 16 km 3 /year respectively
and their water sheds as 550 km 2 and 1150 km 2 respectively, the runoff ratio and
the water shed ratio for the Mandovi-Zuari was found to be approximately 2. Peak
24

discharges occur during August in both, the estuaries (500 m 3 /sec for the Mandovi and
250 m 3 /sec for the Zuari) with slightly lower values in July and much lower in September
(160 m 3 /sec for the Mandovi and 80 m 3 /sec for the Zuari approximately).
Studies on the turbulent mixing at the interface of the saline wedges occurring
in these estuaries during the monsoon months and the response of the interface to tidal
forcing factors, have also been taken up.
(e) Beach changes along the Kerala coast
Detailed work in respect of this investigation has been reported separately in
Section 3.8.1.
(f) Erosion studies at Versova
The work carried out under this investigation has been reported separately
in Section 3.8.2.
(g) Beach studies at Thal-Alibag coastline.
The progress made under this investigation has been reported separately in
Section 3.8.2.
25

INSTRUMENTS INSTALLED IN THE INSTITUTE

3.2
Chemical Oceanography
3.2.1 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian
Sea and Bay of Bengal
3.2.2 Drugs from the sea
3.2.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along
the Indian coast
3.2.4 Characteristics of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India
The major concern of chemical oceanographers is to determine the chemistry
of the marine environment and the changes therein induced by natural and man
made activities. Studies on the marine environment also include the determination
of the amount of organic carbon present in the surface waters, the distribution,
nature and biochemistry of marine compounds in marine fauna and flora thereby
identifying new drug resources, and pollution and related aspects like the protection
and control of oil pollution, sewage and industrial discharge. These studies were
carried out under four projects and the summary of each is given below.
3.2.1 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea and Bay
of Bengal
The work under this project was carried out at headquarters as well as at
Regional Centre, Cochin.
1. Chemical characteristics of the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal
During the cruises in the southern Bay of Bengal from 78°E to 98°30'E, hydrographic
stations were worked at 1 degree intervals. In the Andaman Sea almost all the
stations worked during the cruises 51 and 52 in 1979 were repeated in 1980 and in addition
70 new stations were occupied to study the changes that might have taken place during
the course of the year. A total number of 4152 analyses were carried out on board and
317 samples were collected for the analysis of major ions in the shore laboratory.
In the upper 50-75 m, of the entire Andaman Seas the concentrations of nitrates,
phosphates and silicates were low. These were associated with high oxygen and pH-
Nitrite was detected only between 50 and 75 m depth. A thick oxygen minimum layer
extended from 100 m to 1000 m. In 1980, the concentrations of nutrients increased with
simultaneous decrease in the oxygen and pH. At a station in the Malacca Strait, north of
27

Sumatra low oxygen concentration was observed at the surface associated with high
concentrations of nitrate, phosphate and silicate and low pH, probably indicating the
presence of upwelled water.
Very low oxygen concentration (0.05-0.06 ml/l) was observed at 150-200 m depths
at stations near the eastern end of the 10° channel along a north-south transect east of
the Andaman and Nicobar islands during 1979. Repeating the same section in 1980 it was
observed that oxygen concentration at about the same depth levels has increased to
about 0.3 ml/l. An attempt was made to study this phenomenon by plotting the potential
density and using dissolved silicon as an indicator to examine if any new water has entered
into the basin. Indeed, the presence of deep water renewal could be identified using
these indicators. As before, such low concentrations of oxygen were absent along the
western side of the islands which has more or less the same water characteristics as the
open Bay of Bengal.
In the north western Bay of Bengal, a few anchor stations off the mouths of the
rivers Hooghly and Mahanadi were worked over one tide cycle of 12 hours to study the
effect of runoff from the rivers. Also samples from the mid-depth at each station over
the tidal cycle were mixed and analysed for all the parameters including suspended solids.
2. Hydrochemical characteristics off the west coast of India
Data obtained during the 46th and 59th cruises of R.V. Gaveshani indicate the presence
of two oxygen minima associated with two phosphate maxima at about 300 m and
l000 m depths respectively. These extend to about 15°N off the central west coast of India.
The second oxygen minimum gets diffused away from the shore due to mixing processes in
the watermasses. About 34% of the available nitrate-nitrogen in the depth range 75-1200 m
appears to be depleted by denitrification. The 'standing crop' of denitrified nitrogen has
been calculated to be 70 g/m 2 . Combining the rates of denitrification at an intermediate
depth with the photo synthetic productivity within the euphotic zone, the mean residence
time of the watermass in the depth interval of denitrification in the Arabian Sea has been
found to be in the range of 13 to 54 years.
The data collected during the MONEX-79 cruises of R.V.Gaveshani were used
to evaluate the two modes of calculation of original nitrate concentrations adopted earlier
to study the denitrification in the Arabian Sea. Nitrite at the intermediate depths was
not found to be restricted to the Persian Gulf water but it was maximum at much shalower
depths than the depths at which this watermass was encountered. It was thus
concluded that the use of nitrate-salinity relationship for the calculation of the original
nitrate concentration, as followed in a recent study would, therefore, underestimate the
nitrate deficits. A region-specific but slightly modified method, which involves the use of
oxidative ratios, has been tried to re-examine the values in the eastern central Arabian
Sea. The nitrate deficits obtained lie in between the values reported earlier. A steady
southward decrease in the intensity of denitrification was observed upto 11—12°N
latitude. Taking a value of 30 years as the average residence time of water for the layer
in which denitrification occurs, the denitrification rate in the Arabian Sea has been
28

calculated to be about 3.2 x 10 12 g/yr · This represents about 5% of the annual global
denitrification.
3. Major nutrients of the Mandovi and Zuari river systems
Seasonal studies in the Mandovi and Zuari rivers show that the stations at the
marine-end have two peaks of nitrate and phoshate corresponding to monsoon and post
monsoon seasons, while the stations at the river-end showed only one peak during the
monsoon. Silicate showed a well-defined pattern of distribution with only one peak
during the monsoon.
Applying a 'simple mixture' relation using salinity as an indicator it was observed
that in the pre-monsoon season, nitrate, phosphate and silicate are removed from the
water column of the two estuaries. During the monsoon season, however, only phosphate
was removed while nitrate and silicate show a near-conservative behaviour. In the
post-monsoon season there is an addition of nitrate and phosphate to the estuaries while
silicate shows a reduction of about 50%.
4. Studies on the carbon dioxide system in sea water
Distribution of different components of carbon dioxide system in the northern
Indian Ocean, is being studied from the data collected during cruises 66 to 68 of R.V.
Gaveshani. A seasonal study has also been completed in the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine
system to understand the carbon dioxide equilibria in the estuarine process.
5. Silicon cycle in the sea
Studies on the dissolved and particulate organic forms of silicon showed that the
organic fraction of silicon was not detectable in appreciable quantities at any depth of the
Arabian Sea. The particulate silicon, however, in the surface samples varied from 10.7
to 27.9μg-at/l, and it decreased from the surface to a depth of 200 m. Below this depth, no
systematic variation was observed upto a depth of 2050 m where the values ranged from
15.1 to 75.2 μg-at/l. The particulate silicon formed a small proportion of the total
silicon as the concentrations of dissolved silicon increased with depth.
6. Calcium phosphate saturation in sea water
Water samples collected during the cruises of R.V. Gaveshani from the Andaman
Sea were analysed and the preliminary examination of the data indicated that the trend
of variation in the degree of saturation of sea water with respect to calcium phosphate is
similar to that encountered elsewhere, i.e., about 50% saturation occurs in the surface
layer and an undersaturation (about 10-15%) is found in deeper layers.
Variations in calcium and magnesium along 5°N and between 86° and 99°E were
also studied. The average values of Ca, Ca/Cl, Mg and Mg/Cl were found to be 409,
21.36x10 -3
, 1268 and 66.16xl0 -3
mg/kg respectively. Higher Mg/Cl ratio was
observed in this region as compared to the other areas of the northern Indian Ocean,
presumably because of lower salinity. The calcium values, on the other hand, were
comparatively low.
29

7. Studies on some major constituents in the estuarine regions
Distribution of calcium, magnesium and sulphate was examined in the Mandovi-
Zuari estuarine system. While the behaviour of calcium and magnesium was found to be
semi-conservative probably due to the precipitation of these elements in biogeochemical
cycles, sulphate was found to behave in a purely conservative manner, remaining in a
steady state in the rivers. A 'simple mixture' relationship was applied to calculate the dilution
and mixing processes in the rivers using calcium, magnesium and sulphate as indicators;
it has been observed that the percentages of sea water in the estuarine regions of
Mandovi varied from 88-92 during the pre-monsoon, 12-23 during the monsoon and 78-
79 during the post-monsoon seasons. The corresponding figures for Zuari are 94-99,
27-43 and 79-91 respectively.
8. Chemical special ion of important metals in the Mandovi estuary
An attempt was made to determine the labile and organic fractions of cadmium,
lead and copper in the Mandovi estuary using an anodic stripping voltameter (ASV). The
results with each metal were as follows :
Labile cadmium varied from 0.05 to 0.9 μg/l whereas the organically associated
form was detected in the concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.83 μg/l. In general, the
bottom waters contained a higher percentage of organically associated cadmium than
the surface water. Both the forms decreased towards the fresh water zone of the Mandovi
river.
Labile lead was found to vary from 0.5 to 5 μg/l, while the organically associated
form ranged from 0 to 2.5 μg/l. The concentration of both the forms remained more or
less uniform in the upper reaches of the Mandovi river.
The variations in labile copper and the organically associated form were found to
range between 0-12.5 μg/l and 0.5-6 μg/l respectively. The values decreased towards
the fresh water zone of the river.
9. Phosphorus retention capacity of estuarine sediments
Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the phosphorus retention
capacity of the estuarine sediments at pH 4, 7 and 10 at different added phosphorus concentrations-Samples
of sediments collected were silty sand, silty clay and sandy silt with
organic matter ranging from 5.21 to 13.58%. The amount of phosphorus retained in
the sediment varied with pH rather than with the concentration of added phosphorus.
Maximum retention could be observed at pH 4 and minimum at pH 10.
10. Studies on organic constituents of sea water
Investigations on dissolved amino acids in sea water were started during the
current year. The amino acids are being estimated by densylation and characterisation
by TLC. The method has been standardised and the R f values obtained agree with
those reported from other parts of the oceans-
The estimation of vitamin B 12 in the surface waters at the mouths of Mandovi
and Zuari estuary, at the mouth of Sanquelim river and at upstream station near
30

Sanvordem was carried out. The results obtained are tabulated below:
Concentration of vitamin B 12 (μg/l)
Station Minimum Maximum
Mouth of Mandovi estuary 0.4 7.0
Mouth of Zuari estuary 0.2 1..1
Mouth of Sanquelim river 0 2.5
Near Sanvordem 0.4 6.5
11. Studies on halides (other than chlorides) in sea water
During the year, studies on the chemistry of halogen compounds (other than chlorides)
in the estuarine and nearshore regions of Goa were started. Analytical methods for
fluoride and bromide have been standardised and suitable techniques for the determination
of iodide and iodates have been developed. Samples from the two stations along the
MONEX track in the Arabian Sea have been analysed for bromide and the results are
being processed.
12.. Solar dryer for marine and farm products
Keeping the basic configuration similar to that of a multi-surface solar still developed
earlier at this Institute, a cabinet type solar dryer to be used for farm products
has been developed. The working model of this dryer has 0.5 m 2 of floor area and is
capable of drying 50 large sizedcoconuts in about 48 hours, whereas the open Sun drying
of the same number of coconuts takes about 9 days. However, for drying of grapes
and red chillies the dehydration period was found to be about 72 hours. One of the
important features of this design is its detachable metallic hanger which accelerates the
process. The feasibility for drying marine products (fish, shrimps, etc.) is also being
undertaken in this solar dryer.
The solar dryer and the solar still developed at the Institute have received excellent
public response. Several government and private agencies have shown interest in these
devices and a number of units have already been supplied to several organizations.
13. Studies in Cochin backwaters
Work under this investigation was carried out at Regional Centre, Cochin.
3.2.2 Drugs from the sea
1. Screening of marine organisms
Some marine organisms from the Andaman Sea were screened and the extracts
have been prepared for a preliminary testing. Antiviral activity observed in Codium
elongatum has been located in the water soluble fraction. The activity appears to be
localized in the polysaccharide fraction. Further work on the identification of the
polysaccharide is in progress.
Acantophora specifera, Sargassum tenerrimum, Acanthus illicifolius and Porites
lutea have been fractionated for the confirmation of drug activity observed in them.
31

2. Chemical investigation on marine organisms
Two more new diterpenes, acetate and ketone coriesponding to the diterpencalcohol,
stoechospermol have been isolated from Stoechospermum marginatum. The
identity has been confirmed by the superimposibility of IR spectra and R f values with
the authentic samples. Reactions are also being carried out for the confirmation of the
structure assigned to stoechospermol.
Petroleum ether extract of the coral Porites lutea led to the isolation of four
major and some minor compounds. Two of the major compounds were identified as
steroid and brassicasterol based on GC-MS spectral data and the lipid n-batylalcohol
based on NMR data.
Petroleum ether extract of Acantophora specifera led to the isolation of a number
of crystalline compounds, the spectral data of which arc being collected.
Methylene chloride extract of the sponge Ircinia ramosa on chromatography
gave a resinous sticky material which was acetylated to give acetate. Further work
on the isolation of this acetate is in progress.
Chemical studies on Chondria armata which was found to contain bromine in
high concentration and was toxic to mice, have resulted in the isolation of several
new bromo-compounds which are expected to have unusual structures. The structures
of these compounds are being finalised from the spectroscopic data and chemical
evidences.
3. Studies on algal polysaccharides and histamine
Sulphated polysaccharides were isolated from Hypnea cervicornis, Chondrococcus
and Acantophora specifera and the carbohydrate end sulphate content of
these polysaccharides were studied. Further, polysaccharides from these algae have
been sent to Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow for inflammatory, cardiovascular
and isolated ileum tests. A chromatographic method has been standardized for the
detection of histamine, a biogenic amine which causes contraction of smooth muscles,
dilation of capillaries and secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric glands using
cellulose layers of 500 μm thickness and ninhydrin as the detecting agent. This
32

particular substance has been detected in Caulerpa racemosa (hypotensive), Padina
tetrastomatica (spasmogenic), Corallina (spasmogenic) and Chondria armata (spasmogenic).
It is to be confirmed whether the activity reported is due to the presence
of histamine. The extracts of Sargassum tenerrimum, Galaxaura elongata, Galaxaura
rugosa, Ulva reticulata, Chondrococcus sp. and Codium elongatum were found to be
devoid of histamine.
4. Halogens in algae
Iodine and bromine contents were measured in 16 species of red, brown and
green algae. In all the species examined the concentration of iodine was found to be
lower than that of the bromine. Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta were found to be
relatively richer in both these elements. The iodine concentration varied from 0.003
to 0.119% and bromine from 0.008 to 0.128%.
3.2.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian coast
The studies under this project were carried out partly from headquarters and
partly from Regional Centres, Cochin and Bombay.
1. Monitoring of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine environment
Two cruises were carried out along the oil tanker routes across the southern
Bay of Bengal from south of Sri Lanka to the head of the Malacca Strait. The area
traversed was between 5°30' to 6°30'N latitude and 78°00' to 98°30'E longitude.
A part of the Andaman Sea was also surveyed. The components observed were: oil
slicks, floating pollutants, particulate petroleum residues (tar balls) and dissolved/
dispersed hydrocarbons.
Depthwise mean concentration in μg/kg of dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons
along the oil tanker route in the Arabian Sea and Bay of.Bengal are as
follows:
Arabian Sea (μg/kg) Bay of Bengal (μg/kg)
Depth Mean Range Mean Range
0 m 35.3 0-395 29.1 4-229
10 m 30.6 3-217 25.1 2-147
20 m 29.4 2-112 17.6 1-75
Mean 32.5 Mean 24.1
Computation on the total volume of petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper
20 m of the Arabian Sea and the southern Bay of Bengal gave figures of 4 x 10 6
and 0.4 x 10 6
tonnes respectively.
2. Laboratory studies on biodegradation
Investigations have been initiated to isolate tar-degrading organisms by sequential
degradation method. Laboratory studies gave encouraging results but field
trials on the tar deposition on beaches presented some difficulties due to wind and
surf activities. Modifications are being tried to overcome these problems.
33

Twentyfour hydrocarbon-utilizing strains of bacteria were screened for their
ability to utilize different types of hydrocarbons. Arthrobacter and Candida spp.
gave a broad spectrum of hydrocarbon utilizing profile. An examination of their
capacities to degrade Saudi Arabian and Bombay High crudes, showed that they could
degrade 16-20% of the former and 50-70% of the latter crude. Column and gas
chromatographic studies revealed that these two bacterial strains preferentially degrade
n-alkane fractions from C 11 to C 35 in both the crudes as compared with their aromatic
and polar fractions.
Five chemical dispersants of Indian make and two of foreign make were tested
individually and in combination with the crude oil for their biodegradability of natural
microbial population. Only one dispersant was found to be toxic to the microbes.
All of the dispersants, either alone or in combination with the oil, supported
a good growth of bacteria. The oil by itself was toxic to the bacteria, and all the
oil-dispersant mixtures reduced the rate of biodegradation. Biodegradability of oildispersant
mixtures, using natural population of marine bacteria, ranged from 19.6
to 46.4%. Testing and evaluation of 5 indigenously manufactured chemical dispersants
for their efficiency in the removal of spilled oil under Indian conditions were also
conducted. The tests carried out were: solubility, BOD, COD, dispersing capacity,
emulsion stability, biodegradability and toxicity. All the dispersants were found to
be quite efficient in oil removal. The addition of dispersants in excess of about onetenth
of the volume of oil did not increase the efficiency. Static bioassay tests, using
the green mussel, Mytilus viridis, for both oil and oil-dispersant mixtures indicated
that, excepting one all the other dispersants were fairly non-toxic. LC 50 values
for 24 and 48 hrs were greater than 7500 ppm for four dispersants. However, 96hour
LC 50 values decreased by about 30% from those of the 48-hour values. The
oil-dispersant mixture was found to be less toxic than the dispersant alone. It was
thus concluded that these four indigenously manufactured d ispersants should be fairly
safe in our marine environment and that in the event of an accidental oil-spill they
should be used.
3. Toxic and non-toxic heavy metals in sea water and marine organisms
Analysis for copper, iron, manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, mercury, lead and
cadmium was carried on samples of water and paniculate matter collected from
depths upto 1500 metres and zooplankton and fish samples collected from the southern
Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
Depthwise variations of all metals in dissolved and particulate forms were
observed to vary according to the redox condition of water and the characteristics
of different watermasses. The ranges of concentrations of dissolved fractions
were: Cu 1-5: Fe 2-21.7; Mn 1.5-24.7; Zn 1.2-12.8; Ni 0-1; Co 0-1; Pb 0.25-7.5 and
Cd 0.15-1.9 μg/l. The particulate fractions were: Cu ND (non-detectable)-104; Fe
49-3100; Mn 0-64; Zn 17-1060; Ni ND; Co ND; Pb 0-250 and Cd ND-25 μg/g
wet weight.
Concentration of all the metals in water were within the acceptable range and
the concentrations in zooplankton and fishes also did not exceed the accepted limit.
34

4. Monitoring activities in and around Goa
Monthly monitoring activities of several environmental parameters have been
initiated in the rivers Mandovi and Zuari. Four stations extending from the salt water
to the fresh water zones in both the rivers were sampled at mid-depth. The parameters
monitored were: pH, O2, temperature, salinity/chlorinity, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO4 2- , F - ,
PO4 3- -P, NO3 - -N, Hg, Mn and Fe. The last three parameters were monitored in all
the three phases (dissolved, particulate and sediments)
Monitoring activities were continued in the Velsao Bay also for the different
forms of nitrogen compounds.
5. Pollution monitoring along the Kerala coast
Studies carried out under this investigation are reported separately under
Section 3.8.1.
6. Marine environmental monitoring along the Bombay coast.
The details of this investigation are given under Section 3.8.2.
3.2.4 Characteristics of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India
A new multi-disciplinary project to survey the environmental features in the
estuarine region of 7 major Indian rivers was initiated during the year. One set of
observations has been completed in September, 1980 in the estuarine region of the
river Hooghly, from Diamond Harbour to Sandheads (a distance of approximately
60 nautical miles) and also at a station off the mouth of the river Mahanadi.
Each station was worked over a tidal cycle of 12 hours to measure temperature,
salinity, current speed, current direction, dissolved oxygen, phosphate-phosphorus,
nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia.-nitrogen and suspended solids. The nutrients, dissolved
oxygen and suspended solids were measured at individual collection every 3 hours
at 3 depths. A composite sample at mid-depth over the tidal period was also collected.
Current direction at the Diamond Harbour was SE-NNW (134°-344°) turning
210° over the tidal cycle. The values at Haldia were SE-ENE (222°-071°) turning
151° and at Sagar SW-SSE to N-NNE (192°-011°) turning 179° over the tidal cycle.
This shows that the currents turned almost 180° at all the stations. At the Diamond
Harbour and Haldia, salinity values were 0.09 and 0.8l%o respectively, while at Sagar
during the ebb tide, a layer of low salinity water of about 8%o was observed in
the upper 7 metres. Similarly a layer of a higher salinity water of about 14%o upto
15 metres depths was observed.
Comparing the nutrient values with tidal fluctuation, it was observed that in
general, at all the 3 stations, the values were higher during the ebb tide and lower
during the flood tide indicating a net transport of the nutrients seawards. However,
a proportionate increase of these values was not observed at the Sandheads station. This
probably indicates that a major portion of the nutrients along with the enormous
35

amount of silt gets carried away by the rivers. It settles at the junction of the river
and sea water.
Samples were also collected for the analysis of calcium, magnesium, sulphate,
dissolved and particulate fraction of several toxic and non-toxic heavy metals and
these are being processed. . .
A preliminary examination of the zooplankton samples collected every 3 hours
at all the stations showed an abundance of prawn larvae together with a number of
fish larvae, which are yet to be identified. Some of them appear to belong to the
family Clupeidae.
36

3.3
Geological Oceanography
3.3.1 Geological and geophysical surveys to assess the petroleum and
mineral prospects of the continental margins of India
3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Arabian Sea
and Central basin of the Indian Ocean
3.3.3 Geochemistry of the sediments of the continental margins of India
3.3.4 Sediments of the western continental margin of India
3.3.5 Foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the marine environment
Detailed studies are being made on the continental margins, marginal base,
morphology of the sea floor (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Central basin of the
Indian Ocean) and its underlying structures as well as on the physical and chemical
properties of the sediments, to determine mineral and petroleum prospects. Foraminifera
in relation to pollution formed the part of the studies. Work was carried
out on five projects as follows:
3 3.1 Geological and geophysical surveys to assess the petroleum and mineral prospects
of the continental margins of India
Geological and geophysical studies were carried out on the continental margins
off Mormugao, Mangalore, Cochin and Bombay and these covered 3036 line km of
echosounding, 972 line km of side scan sonar, 1873 line km of shallow seismic profiling
and 2462 line km of magnetic surveys. Underwater camera was also operated
at 16 stations. The work dene on the various topics is described below:
(1) Geomorphology
(a) Mormugao to Cochin: The continental shelf upto a depth of about 40m
but in some areas upto 25 m only (Off Cochin) is marked by an even topography
due to clay cover. Beyond this depth, the topography is uneven and on the shelf off
Cochin, at a depth of about 50 m, a series of pinnacles and ridges are prominent
and another set of ridges is seen before the shelf-break. A rock outcrop off Netrani
Island identified on the echogram and also from seismic and magnetic records followed
by dredging was found to be amphibolite, indicating that the ancient rocks of
Dharwar extend upto the middle of the shelf with a thin sediment cover. A pro-
37

minent 30-35 km wide flat terrace at a depth range 350-400m off Quilon and a ridge
of about 700 m off Cochin were recorded.
(b) Off Bombay: The shelf-break in the area occurs at a depth of about 97 m
and 210-270 km from the shore. The shelf upto a depth range of 60 to 75 m and
from 115 to 130 km away from the coast is marked by an even topography. Beyond
these depths, the topography is uneven and is marked by numerous pinnacles. Isolated
basins of even topography are also seen at some places·
(c) Lakshadweep: Geomorphological maps of Chetlat, Kiltan, Bitra, Kadmat
and Amini atolls were prepared. The maps indicate that the reef is wider on the
windward, i.e., W, NW and SW side than on the leeward eastern side. The reef on
the windward side is marked by a number of prominent terraces which probably
indicate the changes in the sea level or the stages in the growth of the reef. The
sand ridges and gravel trains indicate that in most of the lagoons and on the windward
side, the direction of the sediments is SW to NE. In some lagoons, due to
wave refraction, the direction of sediment movement is from NW to SE also. The
radio carbon dates of the storm beaches range from modern to 2975 ± 1000.
BP and indicate clustering between 3000 to 2000 BP and from present to 500 BP.
The younger storm beaches towards the shore suggest that parts of the islands have
grown by about 30 m in the last 2780 years (Chetlat), 120 m in 1620 years (Kiltan)
and about 100m in 470 years (Minicoy). The absence of the storm beaches on some
of the islands, younger beaches towards the shore and clustering of ages and the
lack of lateral and chronological continuity can be explained by periodic stormy
conditions rather than by the changes in the sea level. The number of storms in the
Arabian Sea has varied from a minimum of 1 in 1949 to 10 in 1893, 1926 and 1930.
It is very likely that such changes would have occurred in the past also.
2. Surficial Geology
(a) Off Mormugao-Mangalore: More than 10 m thick clay was observed near
the coast which thins out beyond 40 m depth and the underlying sands are exposed
on the outershelf. Seismic records show that about 3 m acoustically transparent
clay overlays a reflector. Another undulating reflector at about 10 m is also seen.
(b) Off Cochin-Quilon: The shelf between the depths of about 25 to 40 m is
covered with clays and beyond this depth, sand is exposed. On the outer shelf,
prominent reflectors are seen at 35-40m and 50-60 m depth ranges which apparently
dip seawards. At the shelf edge, a number of transparent layers are present.
Their formations have a low dip at the shelf edge which steepens along the slope
and some of the formations are underlain by transparent horizons. The slope appears
to be disturbed and faulted with many anticlinical features some of which lie
at a depth of about 300 m. On the upper slope, a prominent synclinal depression
with about 150 m thick sediments is seen. This is followed seaward by an uplift and an
anticline. The outer slope is marked by a well-defined faulted trough followed by a
ridge rising to about 400 m. Beyond this depth another depression occurs.
38

Seismic profile (4.5 kjl sparker) on the continental slope off Cochin.
(c) Off Bombay: In this region the clay is about 15 m thick near the shore
and at about 20 m depth. It thins out to less than one metre at about 70 m depth
at a distance of about 140 km from the coast. The transparent layer in this region
reaches a maximum thickness of 50 to 60 m. Based on seismic records, four strata of
different ages are recognisable. A depression is seen at about 90 m depth and a series
of faults are also noticed on the edge of the continental shelf.
3. Acoustic masking due to gases
The shallow seismic and echosounding records of the clays on the inner and
middle shelf off Bombay, Konkan, Karnataka and Kerala are marked by turbidity.
In some cases, the turbidity which is due to acoustic masking by gases extends over
50 to 60 km and covers more than 2500 km 2 . The cores collected in the area show
bubbles and fissures in the turbid zone. The gas from these bubbles and fissures
was predominantly methane with traces of higher hydrocarbons. The gases were formed
by the degradation of large quantities of organic matter produced by increased
productivity or because of a greater influx of organic matter on the recent past.
4. Magnetics
(a) Off Cochin: The nearshore area between Cochin and Quilon is marked
by a few high amplitude anomalies (about 200-300 gammas). Besides these anomalies,
the rest of the shelf and slope appears to be magnetically smooth. Over the
39

terrace (350-400m depth range), a broad wave length of low amplitude (100 gammas)
anomaly was observed.
(b) Off Mangalore: The total magnetic intensity map of the area shows that
the inner shelf upto a depth of 50 m is marked by a series of magnetic lows and
highs while the outer shelf is magnetically smooth. The acidic rocks reported from
the islands are perhaps intruded in the Dharwar and probably the magnetic susceptibility
contrasts between the rock types coupled with an uneven topography resulting
in magnetic lows and highs. The nearshore (30 m depth) anomalies (highs) may be
due to some intrusive bodies at a depth of about 1.5 to 2 km.
(c) Off Vengurla: The total magaetic and residual anomaly maps show a
NNW-SSE to N-S trend. These depict the trends of Dharwars in the adjacent coastal
areas and tectonic movements which occurred later on along the NS weak zones in the
basement. Short wave length, high frequency anomalies in the near coastal area upto
a distance of 10 km and a depth of about 35-40m indicate the offshore extension of
the basement at a shallow depth. Beyond 35-40 m depth, the basement is probably
deeper.
(d) Direction Bank: The total magnetic anomaly map shows a NNW-SSE
trending high (about 250 gammas) on the bank bordered by a prominent low to
the east. North of the Bank, a magnetic flat area with E-W trending features is
seen and further to the north a series of N-S highs and lows are seen. The Direction
Bank appears to be a NNW-SSE trending structure with a faulted eastern flank.
The depth at the magnetic source on the Bank is around 1.5 km. The short period,
high frequency anomalies near the coast extend from a depth of about 20 m to
about 50 m. for a distance of approximately 15 km and these may be due to a cluster
of dykes.
(e) Off Bombay: The magnetic profiles indicate more or less similar trends
as those found along the Direction Bank. At some places, anomalies of the order of
200 gammas are noted which may be due to a basement uplift. In all the profiles, a
broad anomaly is seen which may be due to some intrusion.
5. Exploration of ilmenite placers off the Konkan Coast
The exploration of ilmenite placers was extended during the year to Vetye.
Ambolgarh, Rajapur and Vijaydurg bays and more than 200 samples were collected from
an area of 13 km 2 , 1870 line km of echosounding, 571 line km of seismic profiling
and 672 line km of magnetic survey were carried out from Jaigad to Vijaydurg. A total
magnetic intensity map of the northern part of the area was prepared on a
100 gamma-interval. The map shows N-S trends with a number of closures. The
conspicuous feature of the map is the two major NNW-SSE lineation. These appear
to be the two major faults/fractures extending from land to offshore. Seismic
records show that the sand cover is about 4 m thick in most of the bays and extends
below the clay upto a depth of 15 to 17 m beyond which a change in the reflector is
observed. This was confirmed by obtaining more than 50 piston gravity cores.
40

In the Ratnagiri, Mirya and Kalbadevi bays, the reserves of ilmenite upto
a depth of 1 m were inferred to be 2 million tonnes. With the thickness of sand
indicated by seismic records to be 21 m and with their probable extension upto the depths
of 15 to 17 m, the total reserves in the other 13 bays may be many times greater. The
extensive data collected during these surveys are being analysed and processed.
The other organisations which collaborated in this project were the Oil &
Natural Gas Commission, Geological Survey of India, National Geophysical Research
Institute, Regional Research Laboratory (Bhubaneshwar), Physical Research Laboratory
and the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany.
3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Arabian Sea and Central
Basin of the Indian Ocean
Necessary equipment such as Free Fall Grab, Boomerang grab, Radio marker,
Underwater camera and Direction finder etc. for sampling and photographing the
manganese nodules have been procured. The deep sea grabs and dredges have been
designed and fabricated. A double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer is
being installed for the analyses of the samples. Based on the analyses of the data
collected earlier, a cruise plan has been finalised.
3 33 Geochemistry of the sediments of the continental margins of India
Geochemical studies were continued on the sediment samples collected from
the western continental margin between Ratnagiri and Mangalore, Mangalore and
Cochin and from the eastern shelf between Ganges and Calimere Point. The findings
of these studies are briefly given below.
1. Western continental margin
(a) Ratnagiri-Mangalore: In the bulk samples Si, Al, K, Na. Mg, Fe, Mn,
Li, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn decrease while Ca and Sr increase as we move away
from the coast but phosphorus does not show any distinct trend. The distribution
of the elements in the HCl soluble leaches clearly indicates that the major portion
of these elements is held in the clays. This is also confirmed by the strong correlation
between Al and Fe, K, Na, and Mg. Negligible amounts of elements in the
acetic acid leaches indicate that the adsorption by clay minerals and the Carbonate
phase are not the significant factors for the fixation of the elements in these sediments.
SiO2 content in these sediments is significantly less than the other nearshore
sediments. This is mainly contributed by detrital quartz as indicated by the lack of
correlation between Al and Si.
The outer shelf sediments are carbonate rich (75%) and biogenous while in
contrast to the outer shelf, carbonate sediments in the northern part of the study
area is oolitic in nature. Similarly, phosphorus in this area is associated with
organic matter as indicated by the strong correlation between P2O5 and organic
matter while in the northwestern region it is associated with carbonates.
(b) Mangalore-Cochin: The concentration of Al, Mn, Cu and Zn in the bulk.
41

sample is high in the inner shelf terrigenous sediments and low in the outer shelf and
continental slope sediments. In contrast to the shelf between Ratnagiri-Mangalore,
in this region the concentration of Si and Ni is higher in the outershelf than the
nearshore and slope sediments. The partition patterns of Al show that Al is mainly
held in the HCl soluble fraction and to a small extent in the HCl insoluble residue
indicating that the clay minerals are the major contributors for Al.
2. Eastern continental margin between Ganges-Calimere point
Fractionation studies of Fe show that the major portion of Fe is held in the
clay minerals. However, higher concentrations of Fe are associated with the terrigenous
sediments of the Visakhapatnam-Calimere Point than the sediments of the
Ganges shelf. The acetic acid leaches of the sediments from the Ganges shelf contain
higher Fe than that of the sediments of the other region suggesting that adsorption
by clays is an important factor in the fixation of Fe in these sediments. Reducible
iron oxides are higher in the sediments of the shelf between Visakhapatnam-Calimere
Point in the sediments of the Ganges shelf which indicate favourable conditions for
the formation of iron oxides.
3.3.4 Sediments of the western continental margin of India
The surface sediment distribution map of the western continental shelf of
India was prepared. Relatively small parts of the continental shelf have remained to
be studied but they are unlikely to alter significantly the general conclusions regarding
the texture, mineral composition, origin, age and sediment dynamics that have already
been reported.
1. Sediment dynamics and transport
A comparative study of the topography and sediment dynamics of the region
surrounding Cape Comorin was completed. The western side of the Cape is dominated
by terrigenous sediments while the eastern side (the shelf fringing the Gulf
of Mannar) is dominated by carbonate sediments. Despite being a relatively sheltered
environment, as compared to the open ocean environment on the west, the eastern
part shows active sediment transport as evidenced by the presence of sand waves and
ripples on the sea bed. The shelf from Quilon to Cape Comorin is potentially important
for quartz sands and heavy minerals.
Studies of the relative variation of kaclinite, montmorillonite and chlorite over
a distance of about 1000 km on the continental shelf are in progress to understand the
regional transport of fine-grained sediments and the influence of the monsoon currents
flowing towards south on this transport.
2. X-ray diffraction studies of limestone and carbonate sediments
Limestone dredged from the shelf from a depth of 90 m were analysed by
X-ray diffraction and it was found that its mineralogy does not indicate its exposures
to fresh water cither from rainfall or due to percolating ground-water. These
42

esults support the earlier findings that peninsular India had a semiarid climate in
the past. Further studies on this subject are in progress.
The X-ray analysis of the carbonate sediments shows that its organic constituents
determine its overall mineralogy. Thus, where the benthic foraminifera are
abundant, high-magnesium calcite is the prominent mineral and where molluscs or
corals are found in larger proportions than others, aragonite is the prominent mineral.
These studies are relevant to the problem of diagenetic changes taking place in
the hydrocarbon-bearing limestones. Such diagenetic changes determine the porosity
and permeability of carbonate reservoir rocks and in turn indicate the recovery of
hydrocarbons.
3. Calcareous nannoplankton
Sediment samples collected from the north western continental shelf of India
during the Oceanovex programme (INS Darshak) 1973-74 were analysed. Of the
total 16 species encountered, Gephyrocapsa oceanica was the most predominant
whereas Emiliania huxley which is supposed to be the most abundant species in the
modern seas was poorly distributed. This implies that the nannoplankton at present
are subjected to predation by some other group of animals, possibly zooplantkton.
The presence of G. oceanica in abundance is attributed to the relict sediment as
pleistocene was its acme zone. Studies are also in progress on the variation and
correlation of nannoplankton from five cores collected from the outer continental
shelf off Kerala.
3.3.5 Foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the marine environment
1. Foraminiferal distribution
Studies of the distribution and ecology of foraminifera from Ratnagiri to
Mangalore are in an advanced stage and 78 species have already been identified.
The cluster analysis of foraminiferal population from Ratnagiri have led to the demarcation
of two biotops.
Samples from Direction Bank are being processed for the identification and
estimation of organic carbon in the sediment.
Virgulinella sp. which was common in Miocene and Pliocene sediments of the
world was living in the present day sediments also 133 samples from the western
shelf and slope and from a part of the eastern shelf were studied for the distribution and
ecology of this species and its comparison with others. This species is dominant
in 10-60 m depth and its maximum occurrence is in the area between Vengurla to
Mangalore. Organic carbon and substrate appears to be the chief controlling factor
in its distribution.
Planktonic (14) and benthonic (42) foraminiferal species encountered from
Deep Lake Terraces, Vestfold Hills of Antarctica revealed disparity in the abundance
and dissolution effects was quite marked in certain genera.
43

2. Effluent discharge sites studies
Foraminifera from four effluent discharge sites, viz., Thana Creek, Cola Bay,
Karwar and Trivandrum were studied. The magnitude of corrosive effect, diminishing
ornamentation, deepening of grooves and sutural thickenings, enlargement of
pores, widening of apertures in foraminifera were taken as indices of pollution effect.
The results reveal the effects of pollutants on both living and dead foraminifera.
Living/dead ratio was negatively oriented at all sites.
3. Organic carbon and foraminifera
Quantitative analysis of organic carbon in the sediment and relation to foraminiferal
assemblage in three regions, off Karwar, Vengurla-Dabhol sector and
Bombay-Daman indicate that Ammobaculites and Ammonia have positive correlation
while miliolids (Quinqueloqulina, Spioloculina and Triloculina), Florilus-Nonion and
Nonionella show negative correlation. The relationship between total foraminifera and
organic carbon at Cola Bay is inversely proportional. In Gulf of Kutch, it is inconsistent
due to very low values.
44

3.4
Biological Oceanography
3.4.1 Survey of biological resources in the seas around India
3.4.2 Coastal aquaculture
3.4.3 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton
and zooplankton from the Indian Ocean
3.4.4 Biology of ecosystem under different environmental stresses
3.4.5 Marine fouling and wood-boring organisms
Areas of work in biological oceanography are productivity, planktonology,
benthic biology, microbiology, aquaculture and distribution of marine organisms, their
interaction with each other and with the evnvironment. Other major activities include
mangrove and seaweed ecology and physiological adaptations in marine organisms. The
progress made under each project during the year is as follows:
3 4-1 Survey of biological resources in the seas around India
1. Primary production
Studies on primary production, Chl. a and paniculate organic production
were made along the latitude 5°30' N and longitude 82° to 98° E (16 stations) in
the Andaman Sea (21 stations) and from 6 anchored stations in ;he Hooghly estuary
and at the Mahanadi river mouth. The results obtained are tabulated below:
45

2. Extracellular production
Studies on the extracellular production by the phytoplankton at 26 stations in
the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal revealed that production varied from 0 to 1.4 mgC/
m 3 /hour. In terms of percentage, it varied from 0-90% of the total organic production.
The trend in extracellular production in the Andaman Sea was found markedly different
from that of the Laccadive Sea.
3. Secondary production
Estimates of secondary production were made from the zooplankton samples,
collected from the different regions of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The zooplankton
standing stock off Karwar was 524 ml/100 m 3 . This was due to the congregations
of bioluminescent ostracods. Copepod swarm (25974 to 138420 individuals/m 3 )
caused by 4 species of family Pontellidae, viz., Pontella spinipes, P. princeps, P. securifer
and Pontellopsis regalis was observed in the Campbell Bay (Andaman Sea). Aggregations
of euphausiids were also seen in the zooplankton samples collected during the 80th
cruise of R.V. Gaveshani from the subsurface scattering layer between Madras and
Pondicherry.
A comparative study of the zooplankton abundance and distribution of various,
taxa and dominant species from the Malacca Strait and the Andaman Sea (cruise
67 and 68) indicate that zooplankton production was higher than that obtained
from the same areas in early 1979.
4. Biochemical investigations
Biochemical composition of mixed zooplankton, major planktonic groups and
some common species collected from the Andaman Sea showed that protein was
the dominant constituent followed by lipid. Carbohydrate content was usually very
low especially in such forms which had a high water content or with calcareous
shell. The low lipid and carbohydrate concentrations probably indicate that protein
serves as metabolic reserve in the tropical zooplankton.
46

5. Detritus production
Detrital carbon in the Andaman Sea constituted about 92% of the total perticulate
carbon while phytoplankton and zooplankton made up small fractions of the
total suspended matter. Latitudinal relationship between phytoplankton and zoopankton
was found to be inverse. The Andaman Sea is oligotrophic in nature with
low primary and secondary productivity rates and hence the production of large
quantities of detritus appear to supplement the nutritional inadequacy of these waters.
6. Benthic production
As a part of continuing project on survey of living resources of the seas
around India, benthic studies were carried out and some of the findings are as follows:
(a) Arabian Sea
(i) Ecology of fish trawling ground of Goa coast: A detailed investigation on
the role of benthos in demersal fisheries of the coastal zone of Goa indicated that
inspite of significant spatial and temporal variations in the environmental variables,
the benthic population and biomass were very high and varied from 25 to
7823 m -2 (Av. 1256m -2 ) and 0.2 to 2251.25 gm -2 (Av. 67.07 gm -2 ) respectively.
It is deduced that the benthic standing crop could possibly sustain a higher exploitation
of demersal fish by at least 15% more than that being harvested at present.
(ii) Benthic population of polluted environments: A comparative study of the
annual cycle of settlement, growth and propagation of bottom living communities
in the environs of sewage, domestic and industrial effluent outfall in the Mandovi
estuary, Goa, has been initiated. Collection of environmental and biotic data from
4 polluted and 4 control stations is in progress.
(iii) Solar eclipse and its possible effect on the behavioural activities of intertidal
animals and zooplankton: To study the effect of total solar eclipse (16
February, 1980) on locomotory and metabolic activity of intertidal animals (sand
dwelling nematodes, worms, oyster (Crassostrea cucullata) from rock pool and periwinkle
(Littorina intermedia) from the exposed rocky shore, field observations covering
pre-eclipse (14 and 15/2/80), eclipse (16/2/80) and post-eclipse (17 and 18/2/
80) period were carried out in the environs of Dias Beach (Lat.15°25' N; Long-
73°45 E), Goa. Results indicate that stratification of nematodes which was maximum
in the top 1 cm layer at all the tide marks in pre and post-eclipse period, drastically
declined by more than 50% on the day of the solar eclipse. Similarly, the metabolite
contents (water, glycogen and total carbohydrates) in C. cucullata and L. intermedia
suddenly fell by 10 and 16% respectively almost coinciding with the planetary
events of 16 February, 1980.
During the period of the total solar eclipse, zooplankton samples collected
from the mouth of Zuari estuary showed significant vertical migration. Chromosomal
aberrations were observed in Paracalanus aculeatus, a copepod collected from the
surface waters at that time.
47

(ix) Marine fauna at Malvan: Intertidal and subtidal fauna of the rocky, sandy
and muddy shores of Malvan (Lat. 16°0'N. Long. 73°30'Έ) consisted of 208 species
belonging to 172 genera, 97 families. 16 classes and 9 phyla. The most significant
faunal components were 9 species of living corals including a variety of red coral,
and the pearl oysters of the species, Pinctada chemnitzi.
Zonation and distribution of intertidal fauna at Malvan in relation to tidal height
and percent exposure.
Eight zones indicating the range of vertical distribution and three critical levels
limiting the expanse of distribution of fauna could be demarcated. Rock pool habitat
was observed to harbour maximum number of species which displayed a high order
of faunal diversity.
(b) Bay of Bengal
An extensive survey of the benthic fauna from the coastal zone between
Madras and Sandheads and at the mouth of Diamond Harbour in the Hooghly
estuary was conducted during the 76th to 78th cruises of R.V. Gaveshani. In all,
175 stations were worked and the data are being processed.
(c) Andaman Sea
A comparative study of the benthic fauna collected during the period January-
February 1979 (cruise nos. 51 and 52) with those collected in January-February
1980 (cruise nos. 67 and 68) from the same area was made. An extensive
area (ca 90.000 km -2
lying between latitudes 6-15° N and longitudes 91-97°E) in the
depth range of 11 to 2150 m was surveyed and the distribution, abundance, composition,
prevalence and standing crop measurements in relation to environmental and
biotic conditions were carried out.
48

The macrobenthic fauna comprising of 22 taxa was dominated by polychaetes
(76.80%). Their distribution was substrate specific with a maximum of 410m -2
organisms in clayey deposits and minimum 266 m -2 in the sandy areas. The standing
crop was relatively low 6 g m -2 and varied from 0.3 to 74.4 g m -2 . Biomass of
the infauna was considerably lower than those of the epifauna and production was
found to decrease rapidly with the increase in depth.
Total meiobenthos number varied between 68 and 48/10 cm -2 (Av. 247.8)
and the biomass ranged between 3.57 and 32.8 mg/10 cm -2 (Av. 14.46). Faunal density
was maximum in sandy sediments and minimum in the coarse coralline sand
and clayey deposits. Impoverishment of fauna at the intermediate depths of 200-
500 m was observed. The fauna was mostly present in the upper 2 cm of the sediments
and only nematodes and foraminiferans were found below 4 cm depth.
(d) Malacca Strait
Bottom fauna (macro and meio) of the Malacca Strait in the depth range of
80 to 1350 m is dominated by meiobenthos and it exceeds macrobenthos by 12-5 times
in weight and by more than 780 times in the population density. Standing crop was
high (Av. 11.79 g m -2 ) and the fauna was dominated by the Indo-Pacific species.
7. Mangroves and seaweeds
(a) Mangrove ecology : Ecology of mangroves in the model region of Mandovi
estuary was studied during the year. Seasonal growth of the two mangrove species,
49

Kandelia rheedii and Rhizophora mucronata was studied with the help of tags. Peak
growth in the Rhizophora mucronata was observed from November to December.
Study of the seasonal variation in the accumulation of heavy metals like Fe,
Mn, Cu, Co, Pb and Ni in the foliage of seven mangrove species was determined-
High concentration of Fe and Ni do not appear to have any toxic effect on the
plants.
( b ) Seaweeds and alga
(i) Goa coast: Survey was undertaken at 12 different localities to study the
distribution, zonation and algal yield. In all, 81 algal species were collected, of which
23 were chlorophyta, 21 phaeophyta, 32 rhodophyta and 4 cyanophyta.
Light and dark bottle method was used to study the rate of photosynthesis
and respiration in four marine algal species. Sargassum, Stoechospermum marginatus
(phaeophyta) and Caulerpa sertularoides (chlorophyta) showed a production of
2.677, 2.634 and 0.988 gC m -2 day -1 respectively.
The effect of seaweed extracts on the growth of land plants such as turnip,
chillies, pineapple and paddy was tested. It was found that 1% extract induced a
better growth, high germination rate, increase in the leaf size and enhanced yield
in all the plants. The extract of Stoechospermum marginatum induced maximum growth
The effect of different seaweeds extract on the growth of Turnip plants.
50

(treated 491-92 gm, control 277.628 gm) in the turnip plant. Green chillies showed
6.3 kg yield in a plot of 3 m 2 within 40 days after the first spray while in the
control the total yield was less than 1 kg. Similarly, the pineapple plants when
sprayed with 1% compound extract showed a maximum of 31 kg per fruit while
in the control it was 2.57 kg per fruit.
Eight algal species were cultured in different concentrations of secondary treated
sewage under laboratory conditions. It was observed that the species of Pudina,
Stoechospermum, Gracilaria, Ulva and Chetomorpha showed a good growth in 5% concentration,
while the other concentration produced no effect.
(ii) Karnataka Coast: In view of the limited information of algal resources
available along the Karnataka coast, a survey was undertaken. This revealed the
presence of 31 algal species dominated by rhodophyta and followed by phaeophyta.
The small number of seaweeds may be due to the nature of the coast which is
predominantly sandy with small rocky regions.
(iii) Maharashtra Coast: Fortythree algal species from the Maharashtra
coast were analysed for their biochemical composition. Chlorophyta and rhodophyta
were found to be richer in protein and carbohydrates as compared to phaeophyta.
Organic carbon was maximum (33%) in chlorophyta. C:N ratio varied from 5.2 to
29.8 and showed an inverse relationship with protein.
51
Marine algal samples
collected from the Maharashtra
coast were analysed
for trace metal concentration.
A few t race metals were
found to be in higher concentrations
than their normal
levels.
8. Bloom studies
Studies on algal blooms
were continued. Trichodesmiurn
phenomenon showed
a direct relationship with
zooplankton abundance. The
main components of zooplankton
during Trichodesmium
blooms were cladocerans,
copepods, decapod larvae,
chaetognaths, fish eggs and
larvae and appendicularians.
There was a periodicity in the appearance of various groups of organisms and
this seems to be repeated with return of Trichodesmium phenomenon every year.

9. Microbiological studies
Water samples collected with J. Z. samplers at 25, 50, 100 and 200 m depths
from 15 stations during the 75th cruise of R.V. Gaveshani, were analysed for
various physiological groups of bacteria. Heterotrophic denitrifying rate (determinated
using an organic medium) ranged from 0-5 to 92 μg-at NO 2 -N/ml/24
hrs. Some of the highest rates of reduction were found in samples from 200 m
depth. Samples from 25 and 50 m dtpths showed a high reducing capacity. The
stations with highest activity did not, however, show the highest number of nitrate
reducers. The estimation of the anaerobic sulphate reducers showed that they occur
at all the stations irrespective of depths. Their occurrence at the various stations
showing high Eh, as indicated by thedissolved oxygen concentrations, suggestedthat there
could be microniches which provide the necessary conditions for their existence/proliferation.
Their number varied from 10 to 200/ml. Their activity as determined by the
sulphate reducing capacity showed as much as 6-8 μg-at/ml/day in media provided
with 0.75% organic substrate.
A model system was designed in the laboratory to simulate the field conditions
to study the role of micro-organisms in specialised ecosystems like mangroves.
Species of Planococci, Pseudomonas, Mucor and Fusarium were found to play major
role in the effective conversion of mangrove foliage into protein rich detritus within
a period of one month. This protein-rich detritus can be used as the readymade
energy source for the economically important detritovorous fishes, crustaceans and
edible bivalves.
The sediments from the Andaman Sea were rich in physiologically active
heterotrophic bacterial flora. There appeared to be a direct relationship between
the density of mciofauna and bacterial population in the sediment indicating the
importance of this flora in the food chain.
3.4.2 Coastal Aquaculture
1. Aquaculture in waters of Goa
(a) Shellfish culture: Studies on the techniques and prospects of culture of 7
species of edible bivalves including mussels, oysters and clams were continued.
Improvements in the technique of raft culture of green mussel. Perna viridis were
undertaken and the field trials were also carried out. Some aspects of environmental
physiology of mussels transplanted from the intertidal area and grown on rope were
studied. Development of a physiological mechanism for compensating the water
balance in relation to wide fluctuations in salinity was observed. Similarly, a
synchronizing mechanism where the annual reproduction cycle gets balanced with the
magnitude of interaction of exogenous and endogenous variables was also noticed.
Results indicated that the raft grown mussels developed special behavioural, physiological
and biochemical adaptations to overcome the large range of variations in the
environmental factors at the culture site.
Field trials for testing the efficiency of indigenously developed spat-collectors
for mussels, edible oysters and pearl oysters were undertaken. Out of the various
52

materials tested so far. the best settlement of 83/cm 2 with an efficiency of 70% was
achieved by using the loose coir threads in nylon netting.
Seasonal changes in the meat condition and in major biochemical constituents
of the black clam. Villorita cyprinoides in the Colvale river (Goa) were observed to
be closely associated with the reproduction, storage and utilization of reserves. The
main period of increase in the biochemical constituents coincided with the gametogencsis
and maturation of gonads. Spawning was found to be biannual and produced
a marked fall in the quality of meat. Accordingly, the most suitable period for
harvesting the clam will be from October to January and not the traditionally followed
fishing season from May to August.
Raft culture of pearl oysters including their spat collection and growth in
sandwich nets has been initiated at Malvan where a natural bed of P. chemnitzi
has recently been discovered.
(b) Shrimp culture: Further studies were carried out on cheap and acceptable
feeds for the shrimp. Various ingredients were tried in different composition and
tested on penaeid prawns for their specificity and efficiency of diets. The juveniles
of penaeid prawns, viz. Metapenaeus monoceros, M. affinis and P. indicus, when fed
on the prepared diets, showed good growth. The effciency of growth was found to
be species specific. The mangrove swamps were found to be a rich source of prawn
fry and considerable number of juveniles of Metapenaeus dobsoni, M. monoceros and
Penaeus affinis were collected from December to June for stocking in culture ponds.
(C) Unialgal culture: Unialgal cultures οf Metapenaeus dobsoni and Coscinodiscus
sp. have been maintained for experimental studies.
53

(d) Artemia culture: A one acre salt pan having a salinity of 110%o was
selected for the culture trials of Artemia at premises of Bharat Salt and Chemical
Industries Ltd. Mundra, Gujarat. Since the water temperature in the salt pan was
as low as 13°C during November and December, a low-temperature-tolcrant San-
Francisco Bay strain of Artemia was inoculated. The water level at the salt pans was
maintained by drawing fresh sea water from an adjacent reservoir. The larvae which
were introduced grew to adult size in about 12 days and started reproducing. At
the salinity 110%o Artemia reproduces by directly releasing the nauplii from the pouch—
a condition known as viviparity.
During the month of March, the salinity was allowed to reach 180%o by
natural evaporation and also by drawing high salinity water from 8 neighbouring condenser
ponds. This sudden change in the salinity made Artemia to release the cysts
directly—a condition known as oviparity. By the end of March 1980, 15 kg/
acre Artemia cysts were harvested. The harvested cysts were cleaned, packed and
marketed to various universities and research institutes at the rate of Rs. 500 per kg.
A large area of about 50 acres in Mundra is being utilised for Artemia culture to
increase the commercial production of eggs.
2. Aquaculture in waters of Cochin
The progress made under this investigation is reported separately under Regional
Centre, Cochin (Section 3.8.1).
3. Laboratory and field studies on bioenergetics of some marine and estuarine animals
Studies on the culture aspects of the estuarine fish, pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)
were undertaken during June 1979 to June 1980. About 2300 pearl spots (Av. 8.83 gm,
in weight and 69 mm in length) were stocked in June 1979 in an 0.16 ha. pond in a
fish farm (Goa). Studies on environmental characteristics, primary production, population
dynamics, growth and yield, nutritional characteristics of the ingested food and energetics
were carried out. Some of the highlights of these studies were: Primary production
ranged from 104 to 8823 mg C/m 3 /day in the culture pond. The annual contribution of
nannoplankton to the total primary production was as high as 83%. The estimated annual
production amounted to 416 gC/m 3 /yr. Chlorophyll a and nitrate content showed a
significant correlation with the primary production. In the cultured population of E. suratensis
females were dominant. From length frequency studies, growth was found to be 1.1
cm/month. Fecundity was generally low. Daily increments in length and weight during the
culture period were found to be 0.075 mm and 0.066 gm respectively. Growth in general
was low and was attributed to over stocking and low level of protein present in the diet
(35%). The total production of fish in the pond was 437.5 kg/ha/yr and the rate of return on
investment was 33%. The estimated amount of organic carbon available at the level
of primary producers was 99840 gC/yr which should give a potential yield of 9984
gC/yr of fish. The exploited yield as a net increase in the fish carbon was 3342 g/yr
and therefore there appears to be scope for increasing the production of the fish by
at least 3 times.
54

Stomach analyses of E. suratensis revealed that the fish is principally a phytoplankton-detritus
feeder. Detritus formed a major part of the consumed food (44%)
and the diatoms were the next important items (38%). Of the total food consumed,
56% was contributed by the organic constituents and 44% by the ash content. Protein,
lipid and carbohydrates, on an average, amounted to 35, 12 and 9% respectively.
Energy content of the consumed food was 2706 cal/gm dry wt. Organic carbon
constituted 16% and C:N ratio was found to be 3.29:1. This study revealed that
feeding at a low level of dietary protein was probably responsible for the reduced
growth rate observed in the harvested population.
An annual energy budget was constructed for the captured population of E. suratensis.
The production of body tissue, gonads, respiration and faecal production were
determined and the total consumption was derived as a summation of these factors.
The total annual consumption, production, energy loss through respiration and faeces
were estimated to be 117054, 365, 15037 and 1652 kcal respectively. E. suratensis had
high assimilation efficiency (90.31%) but low conversion efficiency (K1 = 2.14% and
K2 =2.37%). A very large proportion of energy was lost during respiration.
3.4.3 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton and
zooplankton from the Indian Ocean
The progress made under this project is reported under the Regional Centre,
Cochin (Section 3.8.1).
3.4.4 Biology of ecosystem under different environmental stresses
(i) Effect of some heavy metals on Tilapia mossambica: Experimental studies on
the long-term effect of sublethal concentrations of some heavy metals—mercury, copper,
cadmium and arsenic on the blood serum, haemoglobin and eye lens proteins of the fish
T. mossambica were undertaken. Significant changes were seen in the electrophoretic
patterns of serum proteins on exposure to mercury. The eye lens proteins and haemoglobin
of fish were not much affected.
(ii) Ecosystem: The relative abundance of biochemica compounds in the
estuarine waters of Goa is being studied in relation to plant and animal production
in the ecosystem. The results would give a better understanding of the different ecological
processes influencing the uptake and incorporation of these biochemicals in the
aquatic organisms.
The status of estuarine fauna in relation to different ecophysiological stresses
originating from the metal inputs, organic enrichment due to detrital load and sewage
run-off are being studied. To evaluate the trophic relationship in the food chain and
also in the bivalve culture, the physiological responses to different environmental
stresses are also being investigated.
Zooplankton samples from 200 m depth to the surface were collected from 26
stations in Central Arabian Sea during the 82nd cruise of R.V. Gaveshani. 25% of
the samples were used to estimate the biomass and faunal composition and the remaining
were subjected to biochemical and heavy metal analyses. The aim of the work was
55

to determine the heavy metal concentration in this region at the secondary trophic
level.The samples were processed. The effect of heavy metals (copper, cadmium
and zinc) on 2 copepod species revealed that copper was the most toxic metal. The
estuarine species Acartia spinicauda was more sensitive to heavy metal accumulation
than the neritic form Tortanus forcipanis.
3.4.3 Marine fouling and wood-boring organisms
A new project to study the biodeterioration of materials in the coastal ecosystem
was started during the year.
During April-May 1980 collections were made off the New Mangalore Port area
as a part of the Kudremukh sponsored project (Phase II) during its prepollution
survey. The fouling organisms consisted of barnacles (Balanus tintinabulum, B. amphitrite)
mussels (Perna viridis), bryozoans (Alderina sp., Eletra sp.) and polychaetes
(Pomatococeros sp. and Hydroides norwegion). The organisms settled at the various
depths have teen collected for further
studies regarding their rate of growth,
systematics and other biological studies-
Collections were also made from a
channel-marked buoy anchored in the Mormugao
harbour. The collection comprised
of barnacles such as Balanus tintinabulum,
B. amphitrite, mussels (Perna viridis) and
bryozoans. When compared with the collection
made at Mangalore, the rate of growth
especially that of the mussel Perna viridis
seems to be much greater a! Mormugao
than at Mangalore.
Fouling organisms from Mangalore and
Marmugoa Port areas.
56
Observations on the settlement of
fouling organisms on moving barges in
the estuarine environment of Goa region
were also made during the year.

3.5
Ocean Engineering
3.5.1 Ocean engineering studies related to coastal and offshore development
3.5.2 Marine geotechnical studies
3.5.3 Energy from the sea
3.5.1 Ocean engineering studies related to coastal and offshore development
A field programme for the collection of data on waves, currents, tides and
changes in the bathymetry was initiated during the monsoon starting in May/June
1980 to develop an understanding regarding the factors which causes the formation
of Aguada sand bar and the associated navigation problems.
Mooring system used for the wave rider buoy consisted of a 12.6 mm diameter,
5 m long galvanized M.S. chain connected immediately below the wave rider
which in turn was connected to a 19 mm diameter, 5 m long chain of similar quality.
To the end of this chain a cast iron anchor of about 100 kg in weight was connected.
The current meter mooring consisted οf a concrete block of 0.6 mx 0.6 mx
15 m in which a 38 mm diameter stainless steel pipe was embeded. The data on
waves and currents and for the monsoon tides of 1980 were processed and analysed.
A status report on the wave hindcasting has been completed. Studies on the
various wave hindcasting models, presently available, are being carried out. A model,
based on the energy equation with the wind, waves and swells as independent factors
is being developed. Wave heights were calculated at 3 hourly intervals at all the
points in the numerical grid network of the selected area using 6 hourly weather data-
Another status report on the storm surge research in India with a discussion
on the available numerical models has been prepared. Work has been initiated for
the development of a model for the storm surges and storm-generated currents to
suit the Indian conditions. The numerical models used by the India Meteorological
Department are also being studied and applied to certain storms. It will be possible
to study the past 20 to 25 years data for generating the necessary information on
design water levels.
Plans have been finalized to intensify the collection of field data on waves,
using wave rider buoys. The collected data will also be used to calibrate the
wave hindcast models. Steps have been taken to procure a sophisticated computer
programme called "NEPTUNA" from Norway under the ongoing Indo-Norwegian
57

Technical Assistance Programme. This computer package is being implemented at
the DEC10 computer of the TIFR, Bombay.
Numerical studies on dispersion/diffusion of pollutants in the sea, computation
of tidal currents, current circulation in bay and estuaries, have been made.
3.5.2 Marine geotechnical studies
The piston gravity corer developed by NIO earlier has been further modified.
In order to minimize the soil disturbance certain modification have been introduced
in the core cutter, core catcher, piston, casting weight, tail fin, trigger mechanism
etc. The design has been completed and its fabrication is in progress.
A piezometer is being designed and developed for measuring the hydrostatic
pressure and hydrodynamic pressure in the seabed soils. The instrument contains
two pressure transducers to measure hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures
simultaneously.
Studies on the stability of submarine pipelines have been completed. A relationship
between friction factor of submarine pipeline resting on the seabed and the
horizontal and vertical components of forces acting on the pipeline has been developed.
Simultaneous effects of wave and current forces on the submarine pipeline,
resting on the seabed, have also been studied.
3.5.3 Energy from the sea
The growing interest in some problems related to the energy from the sea has
prompted to accelerate some of the investigations. Under this project, several groups
have been formed to undertake a study on (i) Ocean thermal energy conversion,
(ii) Tidal power, (iii) Wave energy, (iv) Salinity power (v) Energy from biomass,
(vi) Coastal erosion and (vii) Aquaculture.
The major task of these groups at the initial stages was to prepare status
reports bringing out clearly the feasibility of these sources of energy. A resume of
the work done is given below:
A laboratory model of an OTEC plant of 200 watts capacity has been designed.
It will demonstrate certain working principles and will bring out some of the
related problems. Studies are being undertaken to design, fabricate and install a
small wave power extracting device of the type similar to that of the 'Cockerrel
Raft', off Goa. Studies on the wave climate, selection of material, design and
construction aspects of the floating raft, hinges, moorings and bottom anchors are
being carried out.
Under this project a two-day workshop was organised to analyse the state
of art on the subject on 15 and 16 December, 1980. A large number of participants
from different organizations participated and presented about 40 papers. Some of the
final recommendations are as follows:
(a) India has a high potential for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plant (OTEC).
(b) Lakshadweep is geographically well suited for the installation of a mini OTEC plant.
58

(c) A mission oriented research programme with a well coordinated multi-disciplinary
approach should be developed in the country. A consortium consisting of
experts from ΝIO, IITs, BHEL, Hindustan Shipyards, BHPV etc., should be
constituted to go into the various aspects in connection with the development
of an experimental OTEC plant of one megawatt.
(d) The wave activated generator developed by Madras Port Trust should be widely
utilized for charging batteries of the navigational light buoys of all the ports and
harbours in the country.
(e) Intensified programme on the collection of wave data for determining the feasibility
of extracting energy from the waves should be undertaken.
(f) Premising sites for the development of tidal power plants in India are the Gulf
of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay and Sunderbans and these should be studied intensively.
(g) A well coordinated system approach should be made by experts from various
organizations so that time-bound programmes are taken up for Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion (OTEC) and tidal power development in India.
(h) Detailed R & D work should be initiated to study the feasibility of extracting
energy from salinity gradients and marine biomass conversion-
MANUAL ON
PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF COASTAL EROSION IN INDIA
___ P. BRUUN & B. U. NAYAK
This manual presents a summary of some
of the applicable remedial measures including
guidelines for practical designs to
control coastal erosion with special reference
to Indian conditions.
While some of the basic information
has been presented in the text under
4 sections, more detailed information
has been included separately under 6
appendices in the manual.
146 pp., 82 figures, 6 plates and 20 tables
Price: Rs. 70 U.S. $ 16
(in India ) ( Abroad )
PUBLISHED BY
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
Dona Paula-403 004, Goa, India
59

3.6
Marine Instrumentation
3..6.1 Development of marine instrumentation system
3.6.2 Development of multi-parameter buoy telemetry system
3.6.3 Development of microprocessor based systems
3.6.4 Development of underwater acoustic instrumentation system
The main objectives of this division are to achieve as far as possible selfsufficiency
in marine instrumentation and we should be able to operate, repair and
maintain all the sophisticated oceanographic instruments imported from abroad both
in the laboratory and on board the research vessel.
The R and D work related to oceanographic instrumentation was continued
under 4 different projects and the progress made under each has been summarised
below:
3.6.1 Development of marine instrumentation system
(i) Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) Recorder: The development of CTD
recorder, partly sponsored by Electronics Commission of India, has been completed.
The instrument has been tested successfully from R. V. Gaveshani during various
cruises and now it is being released through ETDDC for commercialisation.
Sea probes of CTD System developed by NIO.
61

Tide gauge developed by NIO
(ii) Tide gauge: This instrument is capable of recording continuously tidal data
on a strip chart recorder at any interval from 1 to 255 minutes and stored on RAMS.
This unit is solar powered and the insrtument uses a strain gauge pressure transducers
to measure water depth.
(iii! Rotor flow meter: This equipment which was developed earlier, has been
modified and updated. The modified version has a redesigned rotor, changed accounting
system and improved method of supporting the cable.
(iv) Seven line slip-ring winch: This small portable winch with 500 metre cable
of seven cores was developed for the porfiling instruments.
3.6.2 Development of multi-parameter buoy telemetry system
This project deals with the development of a "Mechanical buoy" with capabilities
to transmit wind speed, wind direction, humidity, air temperature, surface
temperature, water current and its direction and wave height.
The sensors have been received and logic/control circuits have been designed
and fabricated using SDM 857. Memodyne digital cassette recorder and interfacing
circuits have been developed for the temporary storage of ocean data. Circuits
for flash-light and battery charger have also been designed and tested for their
satisfactory performance.
62

The buoy is expected to be launched by June 1981.
3.6.3 Development of microprocessor based systems
This project was undertaken to develop microprocessor based systems accessible
in remote controlled, low powered and low cost operation for the simple control
measurements and for the 'on line' acquisition of data.
The 8086 microprocessor based kit was assembled and interfaced to Aanderaa
Tape reader to read the current meter data recorded on the 1/14" mag. tape and
to dump it on a teletype in the proper format. The necessary software has also
been developed to transfer this data on 1/2" mag. tape (M/s. Kennedy Model 1600
make) in the computer compatible format for further processing.
The single board computer based oh 8085 microprocessor is designed and
implemented. The serial monitor programme is developed to communicate with
the microcomputer through a teletype or RS-232-C terminals. Microcomputer board
has the total capacity of 4K-byte PROM storage and 2K byte of RAM and 48programmable
I/O lines. The keyboard display monitor is under development.
The single board computer will be used for the development of software and
hardware for the 8085 microprocessor based instruments.
The SDK-86 microprocessor kit is made to turn and verify the programmes in
the 2716 erasable programmable memories-
3.6.4 Development of underwater acoustic instrumentation system
The project aims at developing self-reliance in the development of marine
instruments using ultrasonic techniques for the collection of oceanographic data. The
following work was done:
(i) Ultrasonic wave gauge: The design, fabrication and testing of an ultrasonic
wave gauge were completed this year. The performance of this instrument
compared very favourably with the standard equipment. The prototype model of
the wave gauge features readout of the wave-height in metres, an output for recording
the wave data on chart and a printer that provides a hard-copy of the digitised
data that can be conveniently used for power spectral analysis. Necessary computer
programmes for computing the power spectra from the wave data have been developed
for the instruments.
(ii) Echosounder: Developmental work on the low-cost echosounder is now
completed and a unit containing improved circuits has been designed and fabricated
and is being tested in the field. The new model has a facility for averaging ten echotime
signals and displays the average result on seven segment L.E.D.S.
63

3.7
Planning & Data
3.7.1 Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
3.7.2 Publication and Information
3.7.3 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre
The activities of Planning and Data Division include planning and budgeting
of projects, publication and information work under "Technical Information and
Publication Services" (TIPS) and management of oceanographic data. Details of the
activities in each of the sections are as below:
3.7.1 Planning, monitoring and evaluation
The Planning Section has the prime responsibility of collecting and disseminating
information on diverse problems related to project planning. Research projects have
been formulated for the new five year plan proposal. The Annual Plan document for
the year 1981-82 comprising of revised estimates for 1980-81 and budget estimates
for 1981-82 and the Five Year Plan for the period 1980-85 have been prepared for
the ongoing and new research projects, infra-structure and services. The costing for
All India Coordinated Projects and Rural Development Projects was done and
costing for other major projects is being initiated.
This section is also responsible for the preparation of documents for Research
Advisory Council of NIO and also the Coordination Council of the Physical and
Earth Sciences Group of CSIR Laboratories.
Two documents, entitled, 'Marine Science Component in the Science and
Technology Plan of the CSIR for Sixth Five Year Plan' and 'Current Research Projects
1980-81' were also prepared by this section.
3.7.2 Publication and Information
The Publication and Information Section during the year continued its activities
under the "Technical Information and Publication Services in Oceanography"·
(a) Publications
The following regular publications were released during the year:
1. Annual Report 1979: An annual publication dealing with progress of the R & D
projects and other activities of the Institute.
65

2. Cruise Reports (cruise Nos. 66 to 84) of R.V. Gaveshani: A report pertaining to
each oceanographic cruise prepared and issued soon after the completion of each
cruise of R.V. Gaveshani.
3. Annual Oceanographic Cruise Report of R. V. Gaveshani 1979: This report consolidates
the information gathered during all cruises undertaken during the year.
4. NIO Newsletter Vol. 2, Nos. 1-4 (1980): A quarterly newsletter highlighting the
various R & D and other activities of the Institute for the respective quarter of
year.
5· Collected Reprints Vol. 9 (1977) and VoI. 10(1978): A bound and yearly collection
of the research papers published by the staff of the Institute. It is distributed on
exchange basis to marine institutions of the world.
6. Mahasagar, Vol. 13 (1980) Nos.1-4: A quarterly bulletin of the Institute incorporating
original research papers on marine sciences.
(b) Information
The information service in the Institute was further strengthened this year and
its activities were greatly enhanced and continued during the year.
(i) Directory services: Indian National Directory of Marine Scientists (INDMS)
was updated, compiled and processed. This directory includes the names of Marine
Scientists and their field of specialisation, working in various organisations, institutions
throughout the country. The directory is in the stage of computerization.
Indian National Directory of Marine Research Projects (INDMRP) was updated,
compiled, processed and released in the form of a computer print out. This Directory
gives a list of current marine research projects in different institutions of India and
includes information such as duration of the projects, name of the project leader and
participants, estimated cost of the project, area of operation and objectives in brief.
(ii) Computer aided bibliographic information services (CABIS): Under this programme
the selected bibliographies on Aquaculture and Mangroves were processed and
released. In addition to the references, these provide subject, author and keyword
indices.
(iii) News to CSIR and Press: News items based on the scientific and other
activities of the Institute were sent to CSIR for publication from time to time and
also released through press.
(iv) Monthly progress report: Progress of work is highlighted every month and
brief summaries depicting the achievements of NIO were sent to all the members of
CSIR Society and Governing Body, members of Research Advisory Council and
Executive Committee of NIO for information.
(v) Brochures: Two new brochures on "What is NIO" and "Sponsored Projects—
1979" were prepared and released. These brochures provide information about NIO
and the sponsored projects undertaken by NIO during 1979.
66

(vi) Additional services: Public relation work was attended more vigorously and
the VIPs were shown around the laboratory explaining to them the R & D activities
of the Institute. During the year 1980, nearly 3000 visitors including students and
research scholars visited the Institute.
The section also participated in various exhibitions where major achievements
of the Institute were highlighted through charts, maps and working models of various
equipment.
(vii) Reprography services: Reprography and xeroxing services of the Planning
& Data Division were extensively used by different divisions and sections of the
institute at various levels.
(viii) News clippings: Under this service, all the available newspapers were
screened and news items of scientific interest related to different fields of oceanography
and marine sciences were clipped, filed and catalogued for their quick retrieval when
required. News items regarding NIO and its activities were dealt with separately.
(ix) IOC depository centre: The centre continued to receive publications from
various organizations such as UNESCO, UNEP, WHO and WMO which were catalogued
and made available to the users.
A list of the holdings of the important technical reports was circulated to
various oceanographic and marine science institutes, colleges and universities and
request for any of these reports were promptly complied with.
3.7.4 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre (INODC)
The centre acquires, processes and disseminates oceanographic data collected
during the various cruises in the Indian Ocean and the seas around India and keeps in
touch with the activities of IOC Working Committee for International Oceanographic
Data Exchange (IODE). It also works as an Input Centre to the Marine Environmental
Data Information Referral System (MEDI).
(a) Acquisition: During the year, following data sets were acquired, coded in
INODC format and stored on magnetic tapes.
(i) R. V. Gaveshani Data: Meteorological, physical, chemical and biological data
of the cruises of the year 1977 (total number of stations: 426).
(ii) INS Darshak data: Hydrographic data of INS Darshak cruises undertaken
in 1973-74 (total number of stations: 239).
(iii) Oil pollution data: Data on oil pollution and dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons
was acquired from Japan Oceanographic Data Centre, Japan (number of observations:
6,689).
(b) Processing: A large amount of meteorological and oceanographic data have
been processed and analysed for various purposes as per the request and requirements
of the scientists from NIO and other organisations. Some of the details of data
processed and disseminated are as follows:
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(i) 'Monex' data of CSTD, MBT, XBT, hydrocast and environmental parameters.
(ii) Hydrographic and current data off Visakhapatnam (iii) Current data off Godavari
(iv) Current, wave, tide and wind data off Paradeep Port (v) Data collected during
the oceanographic survey for marking the position of oil rigs, pipelines etc. were processed
for the Coordinate Converison (UTM, Shoran, Geographical) on DCM-1101 and
analysed on computer for quality control and plotting of the same. (iv) Preparation
of state-wise atlases of hydrographic, biological and surface current data from Exclusive
Economic Zone was continued. During the year plotting of data off Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were completed.
(c) Computer software services: Under this service, the following systems/programmes
were developed for processing the oceanographic data and information.
(i) CABIS (Computer aided bibliographic information system): This system
consists of a number of programmes in COBOL Language for retrieval of the bibliographic
information.
(ii) SPHD: The system for processing of hydrographic data has been developed
in FORTRAN IV. This performs the following functions: (a) Plotting temperature
and salinity versus depth, (b) Interpolation of temperature, salinity and oxygen
values at standard depths, (c) Computation of density (sigma-t), (d) Computation of
dynamic depth anomaly at standard depths, (e) Determination of pressure at each
depth, (f) Computation of potential temperature and density and (g) Computation
of sound velocity.
(iii) WAVEX: For analysis of the data obtained from the ship borne wave
recorder and incorporates the correction factor for the wave heights.
(iv) POTENG: Determines the potential energy of water masses at regular
depth intervals.
(v) BIWTS: Smoothening X-Y curves using binomial filters.
(vi) RXENL: Preparation of environmental data reports for data collected
during Monex-79 ctuises.
(vii) TIDEX: Existing TIDE Programme has been extended to provide the tidal
plot along with the tabular value at any given regular interval.
(viii) IOSLP: For plotting any parameter and demarcating the coast lines. It
also prints the range and values and the total number of observations-
(ix) WAVES: This programme computes coordinates of the wave rays and the
refraction coefficient for waves approaching the shore.
(X) PAYR: Payroll programme for NIO employees. It also takes care of pay
and without pay leaves, etc. It has following subroutines: (a) Subroutine for DA calculation,
(b) Subroutine for additional DA calculation, and (c) Subroutine for HRA
calculation.
(d) Data dissemination
(i) INODC Newsletter: INODC Newsletter for the year 1979 has been compiled
and released. It contains information on the data collected by R.V.Gaveshani during
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A view of the TDC -316 Computer installed at INODC in NIO
the cruises in the year 1979. Compilation work for the INODC Newsletter 1980 is
nearly completed and the document will be released soon.
(ii) Inventory forms: The inventory forms of ROSCOP (Report of observations/
samples collected by occanographic programmes), ROMBI (Results of marine biological
investigations) were completed for the R.V. Gaveshani cruises undertaken during
1979.
(iii) The IODE/IOC has developed a General Format-3 (GF3) for oceanographic
data exchange. The centre has initiated its implementation and the data are
being transferred in this format.
(iv) Data holdings: INODC data holding for physical, chemical and meteorological
parameters were updated by the addition of data from five cruises of INS
Darshak and ten cruises of R.V. Gaveshani. The preparation of data catalogues was
also initiated.
(e) Additional services
Computer facility of the INODC was made available for the processing of the
data and information to various public/private organizations and educational institutes.
69

Location of Headquarters & Regional Centres
Θ Headquarters
• Regional Centres
70

3.8
Regional Centres
3.8.1 Regional Centre, Cochin
3.8.2 Regional Centre, Bombay
3.8.3 Regional Centre, Waltair
3.8.1 Regional Centre, Cochin
This Centre continued to work on the various projects in collaboration with
the Headquarters.
A. R and D Projects
A.1 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton and
zooplankton from the Indian Ocean
(a) Distribution studies of IIOE collections
Systematics and distribution pattern of 27 species of planktonic copepods of the
family Scolecithricidae were completed. High population densities of most of the
species are found in the upwelling regions close to the land masses. They occupy a
greater geographical range in the northern regions of the Indian Ocean and in the
Arabian Sea as compared to the southern region of the Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal. The largest area of high population density was in the north-western border
of the Arabian Sea close to the upwelling areas.
The hyperiid amphipods of the family Oxycephalidae were studied with reference
to their morphology, ecology, development and distribution. It was observed that the
newly hatched larvae of Rhabdosoma whitei differ considerably from the adults unlike
in other related forms.
Information on the general abundance, distribution, seasonal and diurnal variation
of fish larvae collected during the Π0Ε has been brought together. Detailed
studies on the flat fish larvae were made from both IIOE and Naga Expedition samples.
The later material had a better representation of the flat fish larvae. Their distribution
was studied and the life histories of 10 species of flat fishes could be fully established
from the material. The larvae seem to prefer low salinity and neritic region.
(b) Other Studies
(i) Distribution of calanoid copepods in the Bay of Bengal: During the
7th cruise of R.V. Gaveshani, zooplankton samples were collected along two
71

sections, 18°N across the Bay of Bengal between the east coast of India and Burma.
In the shelf area, Eucalanus monachus was the most abundant species while Undinula
vulgaris and Euchaeta consimilia were abundant. Paracalanus sp. and Acrocalanus
sp. were abundant in the nearshore waters of India and Burma. In the surface
samples from 18° N latitude Rhincalanus cornulus, Undinula darwini, Euchaeta marina
and Temora stylifera were the dominant species. Immature forms of Pleuromamma
indica were also present in large numbers.
In the deeper waters, the bulk of the copepod population was formed of Pleuromamma
indica which can tolerate a wide range of temperature (6°-23°C) and low
oxygen content (1 ml/1). Another feature noticed was that the herbivorous forms such
as Undinula vulgaris, Eucalanus monachus, E. pileatus, Paracalanus parvus were abundant
above the thermocline while omnivorous and carnivorous species such as P.
indica, Lucicutia clausi, Heterostylitis longicornis, etc., were abundant below the thermocline.
(ii) Sex ratio of copepods: Plankton samples collected off Cape Comorin and
Tuticorin were used to study the sex ratio in the five common calanoid copepods.
The number of males and females in the 83 samples were as follows:
Species Males Females
Undinula vulgaris 5861 10667
Centropages furcatus 908 2767
Temora trubinata 8665 53600
Temora discaudata 2682 5564
Caudacia bradyi 1281 2227
These figures show that the females were more abundant than the males.
(c) Plankton studies in the estuarine system of Kerala
Plankton studies in Kerala estuaries were continued. The various groups of
animals found were hydromedusae, ctenophores. chaetognaths, copepods, amphipods,
caridea, ostracods, cumaceans, isopods. copelatas and fish eggs and larvae. Seventy
species were identified, of which 45 were copepods.
Studies on the phytoplankton of the estuarine systems of Kerala revealed the
occurrence of 24 species of diatoms. Phytoplankton were present during pre and
postmonsoon months but relatively absent during the monsoon season. Different
population of diatoms was observed in pre and postmonsoon seasons. All the stations
showed a very high concentration of pigment throughout the year.
A.2 Coastal aquaculture
(a) Laboratory Studies
(i) Dynamics of the growth of prawn: Growth data of Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus
dobsoni from laboratory experiment under different frequency of feeding with
72

pieces of fresh earthworm revealed that growth pattern in both the species adopted
a linear trend under all feeding levels and was not described by the von Bertalanffy
equation. The growlh rate in length was found to increase proportionately with the
level of feeding and this trend was maintained throughout the study.
(ii) Experimental culture of forage organisms (Tanaidacean-Aspeudes chilkensis)
With earlier experience on short term mass culture, an attempt was made to
continuously culture the species throughout the year in a periodically enriched semicontrolled
system in which salinity and pH were maintained at 9·5-10%o and 7.5-8.0
respectively. The experiment clearly proved that it is possible to raise and maintain
the brood stock of these organisms in the laboratory throughout the year.
Similarly, the year-round cultures in semi-controlled systems have been maintained
in the case of amphipod Corophium triaenonyx and copepod Nitocra spinipes also.
Brood stock of the latter could be maintained in this laboratory for the past six years.
Experimental studies on hatching and growth of N. spinipes at different temperatures
have been successfully completed.
Protein rich diets such as egg yolk, Bengal gram, etc. accelerate the growth but
stable population is not maintained with these diets. Low protein food such as
Salvinia detritus does not promote fast growth but maintains steady populations.
Small shrimps belonging to the genus Caridina (20-25 mm) and inhabiting the low
saline upper reaches of the estuary were bred and reared in the laboratory. It has
been suggested that these shrimps could easily be mass cultured and utilised as live feed
during the aquaculture of bigger shrimps as they are too small to be marketed directly.
(b) Ecological studies
(i) Primary production and benthic studies in relation to prawn culture: Studies on
primary production and benthic organisms in culture ponds at Ramanthruth Island
near the Cochin harbour entrance revealed certain interesting features of the environment
in which prawns are grown during the estuarine phase of their life history. All
the ponds were highly productive almost throughout the year- The gross primary
production varied from 24 to 1500 mgC/m 3 /day.
(ii) Studies on the improvement of traditional shrimp culture in paddy fields:
Hydrographic features monitored during the season revealed no drastic change from,
that of preceeding season except that a thin film of crude oil was present on the
surface of the waters which entered the paddy fields in early December. However,
Penaeus indicus suffered heavy mortality, but such a mortality was not seen in Metapenaeus
dobsoni.
The experimental fields yielded nearly 700 kg of shrimps per hectare at Narakkal
and 850 kg at Kumbalangi while the yield in the adjacent ponds employing
traditional methods of culture was low-
73

A.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian
coast
Pollution monitoring along the Kerala coast including the major estuaries,
beaches and inshore waters have been undertaken. Seven estuaries and 14 beaches
have been covered in these studies.
(a) Oil pollution monitoring along Kerala coast: For the past three years
Kerala coast from Vizhinjam in the south to Ezhumala in the north remained under
observation for oil pollution and were worked in accordance with the procedure
adopted by the IGOSS. It was noticed that in most of the Kerala beaches the magnitude
of tar deposition is low as compared to the other beaches in the northern
parts of the west coast. Deposition of tar balls was high in the open sea beaches
and low at the high tide levels. The quantity ranged between 45 to 550 gm/m 2 .
Underway observations on mangroves and retting grounds from Cochin to
Ezhumala were also made during the year.
(b) Bacteriological studies of pollution: Kerala beaches were examined with
reference to indicator bacteria, viz, E.coli, S. faecalis and coliforms in general and
pathogens like Salmonella sp. and Vibrio parahaemoliticus in particular.
A pathogen, viz., Salmonella sp. from some of the beaches was isolated and
studied. Its percentage occurrence was 22.71. However, water samples failed to give
positive Salmonella isolation. Beaches like Vizhinjam, Neendakara and Mopla bay
registered E. coli, S. teccalis and coliforms higher than the accepted limits.
The bactericidal property of a secretion from Fusarium isolated from Fort
Cochin beach was studied in detail.
(c) Baseline studies on the major estuaries of Kerala coast: Studies on seven estuaries,
three in the south and four in the north of Cochin were continued. Based on
suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, permanganate consumed and biochemical
oxygen demand, the water quality of estuaries was assessed. Kallai, which has a large
timber industry on its shores, and the Beypore estuary which receives effluents from
a rayon factory in its upper reaches (at Chaliyar), showed a high organic load during
the premonsoon and early monsoon seasons. The dissolved oxygen values, however,
did not show any significant depletion except at Kallai which on some occasions
showed 005 ml/1 in the dry months. No estuary could be described as being grossly
polluted though some of them showed much impact of human influence.
Organic carbon in the sediments of the above estuaries had the following
annual averages: Veli - 2.1%, Neendakara - 1.4%, Thottapally - 2.9%, Kallai - 2.9%,
Beypore- 2.5%, Korapuzha- 3.1% and Mahe- 2.2%. These values were lower as compared
to the annual average of 3.5% for Cochin backwaters.
(d) Assessment of the status of pollution of beaches of the Kerala coast: Twelve
beaches along the Kerala coast, six in the north and six in the southern side of
Cochin were monitored for their water quality. The beaches of Alleppey, Neendrakara,
West Hill, Kappad, Calicut, Payyambalam and Moplah Bay had much lower salinities.
74

The oxygen saturation values in the clean beaches seldom went down below 90%
while Calicut. West Hill and Mopla Bay showed oxygen deficits due to sewage
discharge. BOD values at the three beaches were generally high. The COD values
ranged from 500-3500 mg/l and permanganate consumed was 60-70 ml/1.
Sand and water samples for environmental characters, bacteriological estimation
and water quality were studied at Ezhumala beach in north Kerala. Based on the
seasonal observations, Ezhumala should be regarded as a 'clean' beach. It is also a
'safe' beach from the public health point of view and its water quality. Ezhumala,
Ettikulam and Kappad beaches are under intensive study for their use by the Tourist
Department.
(e) Pollution studies in Cochin backwaters: The three sources of pollution, viz.,
sewage, industrial effluents and retting of coconuts were extensively studied in the
Cochin backwaters. The daily BOD5 load of the sewage systems was worked out as
6.5-7.25 tonnes. Sewage discharge was also found to cause localised depletion of oxygen.
A 2000 m 2 retting yard showed a BOD5 load of 908 metric tons annually.
The sediment of the retting yard was characterised by high organic content 95.3 mg/g.
high C/N 15.0 and high energy content 1994 J/g. The biological effects of organic
pollution were clearly evident at all the affected sites. The polychaete Parahetaromastus
tenuis which was found to attain very high population in the retting yard
may be treated as an indicator species of pollution.
A view of a clean beach Ezhumala
75

The industrial effluents discharged into the northern part of the Cochin backwaters
were found to exert varying and intermittent stress on the receiving waters.
The discharge site had varying pH and chloride content. The area had high nutrient
levels especially ammonia. An incidence of fish mortality due to high ammonia
(23 ppm) was noticed in Chitrapuzha in the southern part of the backwaters.
A.4 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters in the Arabian Sea and Bay of
Bengal
(a) Particulate trace metals in Cochin backwaters: Particulate matter was analysed
for various trace metals, viz., iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt and nickel
from the Cochin backwaters at various stations covering an area of about 15sq km
during the different months of the year. Particulate iron content showed a variation
between 80 and 8000 ppm. Manganese concentration was between 4 and 80 ppm. Zinc
content showed a variation from 5 to 500 ppm. Copper was not present in large
quantities and it varied between 2 and 18 ppm. Cobalt and nickel concentrations
varied from 1 to 3 ppm and 1 to 5 ppm respectively. Some of the metals like iron,
manganese, etc., were higher at the barmouth entrance channel to the Cochin harbour.
(b) Metal concentration in the sediments of the Cochin backwaters: The concentration
of non-lithogenous fraction of some of the metals like iron, manganese
copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel and lead in the sediments of the Cochin backwaters were
studied. The general distribution of these fractions revealed that there is no marked
seasonal change in the sediments of the Cochin backwaters. The concentrations were
slightly higher than the values reported for the shelf and slope sediments off Cochin
This indicates that there is some other source like industrial waste which brings in
these metals into the environment.
A.5 Oceanography of the waters around Lakshadweep
Studies on the fisheries resources of Lakshadweep revealed that Kavaratti atoll
has very poor fisheries. However, at Suheli and Agatti, the catch is quite large.
Studies were also carried out on the distribution of tuna based on the available data.
A.6 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indian coastline
and their application to coastal zone management
Beach changes along the Kerala coast: Studies were continued from Munambam
(near Azhikode towards north of Cochin) to Cochin. Selected beaches at Azhikode
Edavankhad, Saudi, Chellanam, Thumboli, Punnappra, Karoor were visited to monitor
the beach changes and to study the effects of the seawalls constructed.
Studies on the slumping of the seawall under the impact of scoring effect of
the breakers at certain location along the beaches revealed that the size of armour
should be increased to 20-40 m 3 and the seaward slope of the seawall should be
decreased to 1:10. Near Azhikode the sand bar formation continued and extended
southwards beyond the southern bank of the barmouth. The beaches at Pannappra,
76

Saudi, Thumboli and Karoor, eventhough· responded to the offshore wave climate
from season to season, they did not show any significant "loss of material. These
beaches remained more or less stable.
B. Sponsored Project .
The work carried out under the project, 'Sorting of Zooplankton' sponsored
by CSIRO is reported under the Section 3.9.
3.8.2 Regional Centre, Bombay
A greater emphasis was laid during the year on environmental problems and
pollution control studies both under the institutional and sponsored projects. A summary
of the work done under the various projects is given below:
A. R and D Projects
1. Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian coast
(a) Base-line water quality of the river Narmada (Gujarat)
Suspended solids, pH, chlorides, DO, BOD, PO4 3- -P, NO3 - -N, NO2 - -N and
NH4 + -N were measured at 12 stations along a 70 km stretch of the river Narmada
during March-August. Tidal range of 1 m was observed upto a point 52 km upstream.
The absence of sea water beyond this point became evident by the low
77

chlorinity values (0·02%o). Significant intrusion and mixing of saline water which was
upto 44 km upstream in early June was confined only upto 20 km during March.
The water was vertically well mixed and there was no stratification. By August all
traces of sea water seem to flush out completely from the river during each tidal
cycle. The pH varied considerably over the tidal cycle. The estuarine zone is characterized
by a high suspended load which decreases appreciably in the fresh water
region. High DO and low BOD indicate the absence of gross organic pollution in the
estuarine and riverine zones. NO3 - -N decreased in the direction downstream while
PO4 3- -P showed an increase. NH4 + -N concentration showed normal values throughout.
(b) Comparative study of behaviour of boron, calcium and magnesium in polluted and
unpolluted estuaries
Behaviour of boron, calcium and magnesium in the polluted Ambika and
unpolluted Mindola estuaries (South Gujarat) was studied. A textile mill, a distillary
and a paper and pulp mill release on an average 4.8, 4.3 and 3.8 million litres per
day of industrial waste through natural drains into the Ambika estuary. Analysis of
industrial effluents at the points of discharge gave the average boron levels of 9.16,
0.78 and 0.23 mg/1 respectively for the different industries.
Although concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the Ambika estuary
decreased with decreasing chlorinity, a definite increase in boron concentration was
observed at the ebb slack. Their respective ratios with chlorinity increased systematically
to attain a maxima at the ebb slack water with a abrupt decrease just at
the beginning of the flood. The water from the fresh water zone gave a mean concentration
of 0.072 mg/kg, 0.0292 g/kg and 0.0188 g/kg for boron, calcium and magnesium
respectively. Mixed behaviour of boron during its removal at the early stage
of the ebb tide and its maximum addition to the extent of 263% at the ebb slack
was observed at the head of the estuary indicating large inputs of boron coming
from extraneous sources. This phenomenon of boron addition was not observed in
the Mindola river estuary and contrary to the expectation its overall removal was 9%
Calcium and magnesium revealed non-linear relationship with chlorinity in both the
estuaries.
In the Mindola estuary, an inverse variation between percent addition/removal
of calcium and magnesium suggested an ion-exchange between the two elements. Inverse
relationship between the addition/removal of boron and total suspended solids
in the Ambika estuary indicate that boron most probably gets mixed with the
suspended clay minerals in the mixed zone of the estuary-
(c) Studies on zooplankton and benthos of the Auranga, Ambika, Purna and Mindola
estuaries of South Gujarat and waters around Bombay
(i) Zooplankton: Zooplankton variability in the four estuaries in the different
tidal conditions were compared. Mean biomass of zooplankton in Auranga, Ambika,
Purna and Mindola were 4.31, 3.46, 3.58 and 3.17 ml/100 m 3 respectively. Relatively
a greater biomass was recorded during the ebb period in Auranga, Purna and at the
78

mouth of the Ambika river. In Mindola and in the. upper reaches of the Ambika
estuary, the flood period was associated with a greater biomass: Copepods, molluscan
veligers, decapod larvae, mysids and chaetognaths were, the major constituents
in the collection. However, some reduction in the biomass. and population density of
certain groups was observed in the Ambika and Mindola rivers.
In Bombay waters the chaetognath fauna showed. a maximum density at all
the 4 stations during the postmonsoon period. Among the chaetognaths, Sagitta
bombayensis, S. enflata, S. oceania, S. pulchra, S. bedoti and S. robusta observed, S. bedoti
was the most common species throughout the period of investigation. Species diversity
was greater in the unpolluted waters. However, the fluctuation in the population of
chaetognaths was larger in the polluted region than in the unpolluted area. Disappearance
of sensitive species followed by a decrease in the diversity may be the first
indication of impending deterioration of the environment.
In the case of copepods, maximum population density (av.5360/m 3 ) was observed
at Mahim which was about twice as high as that recorded at the other stations.
Mean density of copepods at the other three stations varied between 2280 and 2800/m 3 .
Monthly variation of total population density of zooplankton
79

Major peaks were noticed in the month of October/November and March/April. Of
the 21 genera of copepod recorded, Paracalanus, Acrocalanus, Acartia and Oithona were
the most common genera. The polluted region was characterised by the dominance
of Paracalanus, Acartia and Oithona. But the generic diversity of copepods was greater
in unpolluted areas.
(ii) Benthos: Significant abundance of macro and meio fauna was noticed in
the four estuaries. Mean densities of total benthos per metre square in Auranga,
Purna and Mindola were 318690, 54727, 122350 and 88368 respectively and the
average biomass was 7085, 411, 1814 and 1922 mg respectively. Foraminifera
was the dominant group in all the four estuaries. The diversity of benthos was
low in the Ambika as compared to the other three estuaries. Considerable reduction in
the population density of benthos was recorded between premonsoon and postmonsoon
in all the four estuaries excepting Auranga. The Auranga and the Purna sustain a
higher benthic productivity than the other two estuaries. High dissolved oxygen,
low biological oxygen demand and average nutrient values were observed in all
the four estuaries.
Around Bombay, qualitative and quantitative benthic studies were undertaken
at eleven stations in polluted and relatively unpolluted waters at Versova,
Mahim and Thana creek. Polychaetes formed the most dominant component of
the macro benthos while nematodes were the major group of meiobenthos. Offshore
stations located in Versova and Mahim had a relatively clean zone with a larger
number of faunal group than the other stations. Variations in the group diversity
were quite common among the stations off Versova and Mahim. But a consistancy in
the group diversity which was low was noticed among the different stations off Thana
which probably indicate highly polluted environment.
A.2 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the coastline
and their application to coastal zone management
(i) Erosion studies at Versova
Field observations on littoral parameters were made at the three stations located
along the Versova beach. Bathymetry and wave regime of the area are being analysed
to determine the causative fector and subsequently to determine remedial measures
(ii) Beach studies at Thal-Alibag coastline
Changes in beach-profile were monitored at 5 stations along the Thal-Alibag
coastline and the wave climate was studied to estimate the seasonal variability of the
accreting/eroding processes near some fishing villages. Dredging is going on in the
Thal creek for navigational purposes. The impact of this dredging on the beach
configuration is being investigated.
B. Sponsored Projects
Four sponsored projects were undertaken during the year. These are:
1. Selection of waste water disposal site and unloading facility for the fertilizer
plant at Thal.
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2. Investigations for the undercreek pipeline at Kasheli, Bombay.
3. Seawater sampling and analysis for Bombay High water injection project.
4. Hydrographic studies at Dharamtar Creek along the submarine pipeline route
of ONGC.
The progress made under each project has been given separately under the
section 3·9
3.8.3 Regional Centre, Waltair
The various aspects on physical, chemical and geological and geophysical studies
were carried out under the R and D project "Coastal studies off Waltair and adjacent
areas". The centre also undertook two sponsored projects. The details of the work
done are as follows:
A.l Physical oceanography studies
A. R and D Project
Beach profile studies started in 1979 were intensified for a further period of 14
months and observations were taken at monthly intervals. The analysis and interpretation
of the data pertaining to erosion and accretion along the beach are being
finalized. Rip currents, which are dangerous to swimmers were identified. Similarly
the other beach characteristics suitable for recreation have also been enumerated at
some points of the beach. Observations on a time series on the vertical distribution
of temperature and currents at a single station off Waltair have been initiated. These
measurements were made at hourly interval once in a month over a tidal cycle to
study the seasonal distribution of these parameters. Temperature and salinity distribution
were also studied along three transects off Visakhapatnam—each extending upto
100m water depth to identify the upwelling and sinking of the water masses in these
areas. The effect of cyclone of May 1979 on the beaches has been studied.
A.2 Chemical oceanography studies
Chemical studies along the three transects upto 100 m water depth in the continental
shelf of Visakhapatnam, covering an area between Bhimunipatnam and Appikonda,
were made. The samples are being analysed to study the concentration of the
nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen and trace metals.
Studies have been undertaken in the Visakhapatnam inner and outer harbour
areas to estimate the concentrations of the pollutants and to study their seasonal
distribution. Collection of the data for a period of one year has been completed and the
analysis of the data is in progress. A modified spectrophotometric method for the
determination of copper has been developed and laboratory studies have been undertaken
for the estimation of copper.
A.3 Geological and geophysical studies
In conjunction with the other studies, geological work consisting of mineralogy
81

and geochemistry of the continental shetf between Bhimunipatnam and Appikonda
were conducted. Nearly 150 sediment samples at 10 m water depth interval between
10 and 100 m depths were collected to study the grain size distribition. the mineralogy
and the geochemistry of the sediments. Grain size analysis has been completed for
more than 100 samples. Heavy mineral separation is in progress.
The sediment samples collected from R.V. Gaveshani from the continental margin
between Visakhapatnam and Madras have been analysed for the grain size distribution
and their geochemical properties. Beach rock samples obtained from the Visakhapatnam
port authorities have also been analysed.
In the field of marine geophysics computer programme for the analysis of
magnetic data by solving the linear equations has been developed. Theoretical studies
for the analysis of the magnetic data using the models such as horizontal plate and
thin sheet have been completed. Marine magnetic, gravity and bottom topographic
data of the Bay of Bengal were analysed and interpreted to study the crustal structure
and basement tectonics of the Bay of Bengal. The studies have delineated
several new surface and subsurface structural features such as an escarpment as a
surface and subsurface high over the continental slope extending along the east coast of
India, a deep and wide marginal basin over the southern continental margins of the
east coast of India and a graben extending in southeast and northwest direction.
Extension of volcanic activity into the offshore regions off central east coast of India
has been identified from the topographic highs associated with the prominent magnetic
anomalies.
B. Sponsored Projects
The centre undertook the following two sponsored projects during the year:
1. Oceanographic studies for determining the point and mode of discharge of
treated effluents from the steel plant into the sea for Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, sponsored
by Steel Authority of India Limited, Visakhapatnam.
2. Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys for Visakhapatnam Port Trust,
sponsored by the Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Visakhapatnam.
Details of the work done under these two sponsored projects are separately
given under the Section 3.9.
82

3.9
Sponsored Projects
3.9.1 Development of offshore oilfields
3.9.2 Pollution control and monitoring
3.9.3 Coastal development
3.9.4 Resources survey
3.9.5 Miscellaneous projects
3.9.6 Consultancy services
A total number of 26 sponsored projects for a total value of Rs. 36 lakhs were
undertaken at the request of various organizations. These projects being of direct
benefit to the user community, were given a high priority.
3.9.1 Development of offshore oilfields (sponsored by ONGC)
(i) Survey of the submarine pipeline routes from Bassein to Gujarat (Phase III)
In continuation of the earlier surveys, the routes from Bassein to Dahanu and
Bassein to Navapur were surveyed. Along the route from Bassein to off Dahanu (108
km), the depth range was from 25 to 53 m and the gradients were from horizontal to
1 : 1000. The seabed was found to be covered by 10 to 20 m clay in which acoustic
masking due to gases occurred upto a distance of about 60 km. Along the route from
Bassein to Navapur (88 km), the depth varied from 15 m near the shore to 53 m near
Bassein. The seabed was covered with more than 50 m clay and acoustic masking dueto
gases occurred for about 38 km.
(ii) Seabed surveys on the D & I structures, Kori Great Bank and on the Tapti Dome
Structure
The seabed surveys for the proposed drilling sites on the Kori Great Bank (D & I
structures) comprised of 240 line km of echosounding. 220 line km of side scan sonar
and 145 line km of shallow seismic profiling while at the Tapti Dome Structure, it
consisted of 25 line km of echosounding. side scan sonar and shallow seismic profiling
followed by seabed sampling.
(iii) Postlay survey of the Bombay High to Bombay pipelines
The surveys included 640 line km of echosounding. 185 line km of side scan,
sonar and 640 line km of ORE subbottom profiling. The analyses of the records
83

showed that: (a) out of 50 tracks in which pipelines were recorded, the pipelines are
exposed in 5 tracks and buried in 0.8 to 2.7 m clays in 45 tracks, (b) the interpipeline
distance varied from 65 m to 100 mm and (c) out of the 78 line km of pipelines,
about 76 line km were covered and about 2 line km were exposed. The survey
report has been submitted to ONGC.
(iv) Surveys of the pipeline routes from Direction Bank to Bassein and Murud
Along the proposed pipeline route from Bassein to Direction Bank, the depth
varied from 41 to 65 m and the seabed was covered by clay upto 22 m thick. Along
the route from Direction Bank to the shore, the depth ranged from 15 to 55m and the
seabed was covered by clays upto 30 m thick. Along both the routes, thick clays
covered the uneven topography of the underlying sands at many places.
(v) Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys off South Bassein
The surveys comprised of about 630 line km of shallow seismic profiling. The
echograms and seismic profiles indicate that the seabed in the northern and eastern
area off Bassein is marked by even topography due to clay cover (maximum about
25 m) and in the south-western area by an uneven topography where the underlying
hard strata are exposed.
(vi) Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys on the Direction Bank
The depths on the Direction Bank ranged from 36 m in the south to 65 m in the
north and west. The bank slopes gently to the north. Its western flanks are steeperthan
the eastern flanks.The crest of the bank is marked by an undulatory or dissected
topography. Seismic profiles show that it is a lensoid body of clay with a maximum
thickness of 34 m on the crest which gradually thins out towards the flanks. The
clay overlies the relict sands with an uneven topography.
(vii) Seawater sampling and analysis for Bombay High water injection project
The work was carried out to evaluate the best depth for the intake of water to
be used for flooding or for pressure maintenance in the offshore oilfields at Bombay
High for the secondary recovery of oil. Sampling programme was undertaken at three
locations and included the various physical and chemical parameters. On the basis of
these findings, 30m depth has been considered as the best depth for water intake-
Monthly variations of the different parameters at this depth will be studied to facilitate
the design of the treating systems.
(viii) Hydrographic studies off Murud-Janjira
Collection of field data on currents, temperature, etc. in support of the drilling
activities of ONGC off Murud-Janjira was undertaken during May to October 1980.
This work was carried out off Ratnagiri (Maharashtra).
(ix) Hydrographic studies at Dharamtar creek along the submarine pipeline route
of ONGC
Short-term observations on the currents, temperature, etc. were made at certain
locations in Dharamtar creek in June 1980. Echosounding was also carried out.
84

3.9.2 Pollution control and monitoring
(i) Hydrobiological survey of the Gurpur river, New Mangalore Harbour amd the sea
off Mangalore (Phase II)
This project was undertaken at the request of Kudremukh Iron Ore Co. Ltd.,
Bangalore. Periodic sampling of the bottom population in the area has been carried
out for the collection of baseline information covering the pollution period. The
analysis of the samples is in progress.
(ii) Oceanographic studies for determining the point of discharge of treated effluents
from the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant into the sea
This project was sponsored by Steel Authority of India Ltd., Visakhapatnam.
The work during the year included the analysis of data collected during the previous
year and the preparation of the report.
(iii) Selection of waste water disposal site and unloading facility for the fertilizer
plant at Thal.
At the request of Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF Ltd.) who
proposes to put up a giant fertilizer complex at Thal-Vaishet near Alibag. a survey
was undertaken to locate a. suitable discharge site for the wastes from the plant and
to evaluate the environmental impact of the waste on the water quality and biological
productivity of the region. The observations included recording of the tides,
currents, waves, wind, temperature, salinity, bathymetry, etc. The water quality of the
region was studied and baseline data were collected. Seasonal changes in various
chemical parameters and the probable influence of the toxicants, if any, present in the
effluents on the water quality were investigated. Studies on primary, secondary and
benthic productivity of the area were also investigated along the northern, middle
and southern transects. Further analysis of the data is in progress.
3.9.3 Coastal development
(i) Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys in Mormugao harbour
This project was sponsored by the Mormugao Port Trust. More than 125
line km of echosounding, side scan sonar and shallow seismic profiling (ORE Mud
Penetrator) were carried out along the lines at 100 m apart. The depths in the area
surveyed ranged from 2 to 16 m and the seabed was marked by even and uneven
topography and the thickness of the top, unconsolidated sediments varied from 1 to
26 m. Based on the results, some positive recommendations have been made. The
report has been submitted to the Port Trust Authorities.
(ii) Shallow seismic and side scan sonar survey in Visakhapatnam outer, inner and
fishing harbours
At the request of the Visakhapatnam Port Trust, some surveys were carried out
in 1979 in the outer harbour area. During the year, the work was extended to inner
85

and fishing harbour areas. The surveys comprised of about 140 line km of echosounding,
46 line km of side scan sonar and 115 line km of shallow seismic profiling.
The side scan sonar and seismic records confirmed the occurrence of the rock outcrops
near the shore, the breakwater and isolated outcrops at some places. Side scan
sonar records also indicated two anomalous objects in the oil mooring area and a
ship wreck in the outer channel at a depth of 35 m. The report incorporating the
recommendations of the surveys has been submitted to the sponsors.
3.9.4 Resources survey
(i) Seaweed cultivation at Malvan
This project has been undertaken at the request of the Government of Maharashtra.
The work includes development of techniques for the cultivation of seaweeds
in coastal waters. The seaweeds of economic importance are being cultivated on the
coir rope frames of suitable size.
(ii) Photorespiration in marine environment
This project has been undertaken at the request of Department of Science and
Technology, New Delhi. The experimental work is of a basic nature and would lead
to a better understanding of the living matter in the sea. The laboratory facilities
are being built up.
3.9.5 Miscellaneous projects
(i) Investigation for the undercreek pipeline at Kasheli, Bombay
At the request of the Bombay Municipal Corporation, studies were undertaken
to gather the baseline data on the parameters pertaining to the mechanics of sediment
transport in relation to dredging and maintenance of an undercreek channel for
laying a freshwater conduit from Bhatsai reservoir across the Bassein Creek/Ulhas
River near the existing Kasheli Bridge, north of Thana.
Investigations on the tidal regime, tidal currents, suspended sediment load,
sediment characteristics of the bed and the profiles of the channel were conducted
at a portion of Thana/Bassein creek to understand the pattern of sediment transport.
The results of the investigations in the form of a report have been submitted to the
sponsors.
(ii) Survey to measure the distance between the piers of the Zuari Bridge, Cortalim, Goa
M/s Gammon India Ltd., the construction engineers of the bridge at Cortalim,
Goa, requested NIO to measure the distance between P2 and P6 piers of the bridge.
The work was completed with the help of Theodolite and Mini Ranger MRS III and
the report submitted to the sponsors.
(iii) Development of a marine park at Malvan (Maharashtra)
This project was sponsored by the Government of Maharashtra and included
86

ecological studies at Malvan in order to set up a marine park. The report has been
submitted to the sponsors.
(iv) Design and fabrication of conductivity-temperature-depth recorder (CTD)
This project was undertaken at the request of Electronic Commission of India.
The instrument has been developed and tested on board the research ship Gaveshani.
The know-how is being released for commercialisation.
3.9.6 Consultancy services
(i) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant site studies
At the request of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, physical, chemical and
biological features of the waters off Coromandal Coast site for OTEC plant were
studied. These studies included recording of wind speed, wind direction, sea surface
temperature, atmospheric pressure and the collection of samples for various biological
and chemical parameters. A preliminary report has already been submitted to the
sponsors.
(i) Nautical and physical oceanographic observations off the drilling rig "Chancellors
Ville" in the Mahanadi Basin
As requested by Oil India Ltd., Bhubaneshwar, observations on some nautical
and physical parameters were carried out off the drilling rig "Chancellors Ville" in the
Mahanadi basin. These included satellite navigation fixes, currents, waves and tidal
measurement. The Decca Navigator and radar were also operated. A report incorporating
the findings of the work has been submitted to OIL, Bhubaneshwar.
(iii) Sorting of zooplanklon samples
The Regional Centre. Cochin continued the sorting of zooplankton samples for
the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney,
Australia. About 15,000 ml of samples received from CSIRO were sorted during the
year.
(iv) Location of underwater object for NSTL, Visakhapatnam
At the request of NSTL, Visakhapatnam, the Regional Centre of NIO at
Waltair carried out a side scan sonar survey to locate some underwater object in
the waters off Visakhapatnam.
(v) Miscellaneous services
A number of services comprising of chemical analysis, geotechnical analysis etc.,
were rendered to various private and public sector organizations and universities.
87

Some clients of NIO
1 Alkali and Chemical Corporation of India
2 Atomic Power Authority ( BARC ), Bombay
3 Ballarpur Industries Ltd·, Karwar
4 Bharat Salt and Chemical Industries, Bombay
5 Bombay Municipal Corporation, Bombay
6 Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
7 Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi
8 Cochin Port Trust, Cochin
9 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Organization, Sydney, Australia
10 Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi
11 Eco-Zst Co. Pvt. Ltd., Tehran, Iran
12 Electronics Commission of India, New Delhi
13 Engineers India Ltd., New Delhi
14 Environmental Engineering Consultants, Bombay
15 Fiskeridirektoratets Havforsknings Institute, Bergen, Norway
16 Gomantak Land Development. Panaji
17 Government of Andhra Pradesh
18 Government of Goa, Daman and Diu
19 Government of Gujarat
20 Government of Kerala
21 Government of Maharashtra
22 Government of Tamil Nadu
23 Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Ltd., Baruch
24 Gujarat Water Pollution Board, Ahmedabad
25 Hoescht Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bombay
26 India Resort Hotels Ltd., Bombay
27 Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi
28 Indian Navy
29 Indo-Norwegian Project, Cochin
30 International Foundation of Science, Stockholm, Sweden
31 Kudremukh Iron Ore Co. Ltd., Bangalore
32 Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Mangalore
33 Mangalore Port Trust, Mangalore
34 Mormugao Port Trust, Mormugao
35 Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Bombay
36 Oil India Ltd., Bhubaneshwar
37 Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras
38 Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., Bombay
39 Steel Authority of India Ltd., Visakhapatnam
40 Travancore Titanium Products Ltd., Trivandrum
41 United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi
42 United Shippers and Dredgers Ltd.,
43 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Govt. of India, Trivandrum
44 Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Visakhapatnam
45 World Wild Life Fund, Bombay
46 Zuari Agro-Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., Zuari Nagar, Goa
88

3.10
International Projects
3.0.1 Marine pollution monitoring under Integrated Global Ocean Station
System (IGOSS)
3.10.2 Culture of mussels, oysters and prawns using treated domestic
sewage under International Foundation of Science, Stockholm, Sweden.
3.10.1 Marine pollution monitoring under Integrated Global Ocean Station System
(IGOSS)
Under the project "Marine Pollution (Petroleum) Monitoring Pilot Project
(MAPMOPP)" oil slicks and other floating pollutants, particulate petroleum residue
(tar balls) and dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbons were monitored along the oil tanker
routes in the southern Bay of Bengal, from south of Sri Lanka to the head of the
Malacca Strait, and in a part of the Andaman Sea deploying R.V. Gaveshani. Oil
slicks could not be observed during the two crossings along the tanker routes. However,
freshly formed tar balls, very often in high concentrations were encountered
during the second crossing (January-February, 1980) at 5°30'N Latitude and 79°00
to 88°00'E Longitudes. The density of occurrence of the tar balls ranged from
005 to 69.75 mg/m 2. For the hydrocarbon analysis, water samples were collected
from three depths and analysed in the shore laboratory employing UV Spectrophotometry
method developed by NIO. The analysis indicates that their concentration
ranged from 5.3-42.0 μg/kg at the surface, 2.2-3.4 μg/kg at 10 m; 1.08 μg/kg at 20 m;
11 and 13.0 μg/kg at 30 m (2 samples) and 7.1 μg/kg at 600 m.
The project was completed and all the data collected from the Indian Ocean
region from 1975-1980 were compiled and a report was submitted to IOC as a regional
coordination activity of NIO. Some of the features of the report are:
Oil slicks were sighted on 5582 occasions which is 83.5% of the total observations
numbering 6689. This indicates that the Northern Indian Ocean appears to
be a fairly notorious area for oil slicks. Concentration of tar balls ranged from
0-6.0 mg/m 2
with a mean value of 0.59 mg/m 2
in the eastern oil tanker routes along
the Arabian Sea. The same ranged from 0 to 69.25 mg/m 2
with a mean value of
1.52 mg/m 2
. At a first approximation the Arabian Sea oil tanker route will have
about 3700 tonnes of floating tar balls and the Bay of Bengal oil tanker route
will have 1100 tonnes of floating tar balls at any one time along the route.
89

3.10.2 Culture of mussels, oysters and prawns using treated domestic sewage under the
International Foundation of Science, Stockholm, Sweden
(a) Phytoplankton culture: Differeat phytoplankton cultures were tested as a food
material for green mussels and the rate of intake, selectivity and relevant aspects were
investigated.
(b) Artemia culture: A survey was conducted on the occurrence of brine
shrimp, Artemia along the coasts of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat to identify
Artemia resources. This led to the finding of new Artemia populations in the salt
pans along the Saurashtra and Kutch coasts of Gujarat. Ailarge deposit of Anemia
cysts was also located in the Rann of Kutch.
90

4
Infrastructure Services
41 Computer
4.2 Geotechnical laboratory
4.3 Library
4.4 Electroplating
4.5 Workshop
4.6 Reprography
4.7 Prototype
4.8 Analytical facilities
Under the infrastructure services, various facilities were made available to the
Institute's R & D staff. Besides the staff of NIO some private and public sector
organizations were also benefitted by these service.
4.1 Computer
The computer facility available at the Data Centre was made use of by NIO
scientists, and also by many outside agencies for their commercial and technical
data processing. Notable outside agencies were Zuari Agro Chemicals Ltd., Cancer
Research Society Hospital, Goa Engineering College and Mormugao Port Trust.
For details of the programme and software please see page 67.
4.2 Geotechnical Laboratory
This laboratory is equipped with the following facilities besides usual apparatus
for testing of the soil:
(i) Triarial test equipment, (ii) Swelling test apparatus, (iii) Consolidometers,
(iv) Pesoneability and settlement test apparatus and (v) Tore vane shear.
A large number of soil samples were analysed and services were Tendered to
many public and private organizations.
91

machine.
4.3 Library
With the acquisition of 853 books, 721 technical reports and 10 additional
journals during the year, the total number of books, technical reports and journals
have reached 9210, 3021 and 290 respectively. Out of 290 journals received, 80 were
received on an exchange basis with NIO publications.
Besides these additions, the library received a very valuable personal library
of Prof. E.C. La Fond, as a gift to the Institute. Prof. La Fond is a physical
oceanographer of great eminence and repute from the United States. He is at present
the General Secretary, IAPSO, California, U.S.A. The collection includes 100 books,
800 technical reports and back volumes of important journals, atlases and thousands
of reprints. The NIO greatly appreciates his kind gesture. Dr. La Fond has been
associated with India since a long time and he is a great well-wisher of NIO and
its staff.
Under the Documentation Services, the New Arrivals (monthly), Aquatitles
(fortnightly) were continued like the previous year. A new Bibliographic Service was
initiated this year and the first bibliography on Primary Production in the Oceans
was compiled and distributed to all concerned.
Library facilities at the regional centres at Cochin, Bombay and Waltair were
further strengthened in respect of both books and journals.
4.4 Electroplating
Electroplating of various components and gadgets of CTD, CTD winch, echosounder
unit, tide gauge unit, side scan sonar, current meter, microscope pressorsensor,
petroleum hydrocarbon sampling device, Marex data buoy and various other
significant jobs were carried out by this group-
4.5 Workshop
The workshop is equipped with a variety of machines to render repair and maintenance
services. Following are some of the machines available:
(i) Shaping Machine (BSH-63), Batliboi & Co. Ltd.
(ii) Lathe Machines: (a) HMT Lathe Machine (H-22), (b) HYT Precision Mini
Lathe, (c) GEDEE WELLER Precision Lathe (Voltas) and (d) Kirloskar
Lathe MGD-2.
(iii) MT Milling Machine FN-2.
(iv) SME VS Universal 3-dimensional Pantograph engraving and profile milling
(v) Various drilling, folding and cutting machines.
During the year the workshop completed more than 400 jobs ranging in
quality from electronics to automechanical types.
92

4.6 Reprography
(i) Photography: Photographic services were rendered to all the R and D
projects of the Institute both in the laboratory and in the field including on board
the research vessel Gaveshani. In all about 300 major institutional jobs were attended
to including photographic assistance in the preparation of several scientific papers
and technical and sponsored project reports.
(ii) Drawing: A very large number of jobs such as line drawings, charts,
scientific and technical diagrams, maps, civil, mechanical, electrical engineering
drawings were attended to in addition to ammonia copying and photocopying services.
(iii) Printing and binding: The printing and binding facility was utilized to the
fullest extent by the various divisions and administrative wing. Most of the
Institute's printing work except the Annual Report and Mahasagar was undertaken at
the NIO press.
(iv) Xeroxing: A very large number of jobs were attended to including the jobs
from library and individuals. Efforts were made to provide this service at all levels
of the Institute and more machines are being procured.
4.7 Prototype laboratory
The group rendered its services in carrying out the following works:
(i) Fabrication of different types of sensors and fibre glass box casings for the
instruments,
(ii) Fabrication of fibre glass cable drum for the assembly of winches and
(iii) Fabrication of printed circuits on double sided boards.
4.8 Analytical facility
Under this service a large number of samples were analysed for Government
institutions, universities and research centres. This facility is available in the
Chemical Oceanography Division and provides help to different types of users.
93

Λ view of Library
A view of workshop

5
Administrative Set-up
5.1 Cruise Planning and Programme Priorities Committee for R. V. Gaveshani
1. Director-General. SIR
CSIR. Rafi Marg,
New Delhi.
2. Capt. M. Sethi
Shipping Corporation of India
Bombay.
3. Shri S. N. Batra
Technical Manager, Shipping Corporation of India
Bombay-
4. Shri A. Ananthakrishnan
Director (Development)
Ministry of Shipping & Transport
New Delhi-
5. Shri V. R. Venkoba Rao
Geological Survey of India
Calcutta.
6. Capl. V. Ravindranath
Director (OPS), Coast Guard H.Q.
New Delhi.
7. Shri R. K. Kutkar
Assistant Wireless Adviser
Ministry of Communication
New Delhi.
8. Shri P. Satyanarayana
Naval Hydrographic Office
Dehra Dun.
9. Shri K. R. G. K. Murty
Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory
Naval Base, Cochin-
10. Dr. V. L. N. Sastry
Chief Geophysicist, ONGC, Bombay Offshore Project
Bombay.
11. Dr. K. L. Kaila
Project Coordinator, Deep Seismic Survey Project
National Geophysical Research Institute
Hyderabad-
12. Dr. D. K. Rakshit
Department of Science & Technology
New Delhi.
95

18. Dr. E. G. Silas "
Cochin.
4. Dr. P. K. Das "
13. Dr. V. V. Bhartiya „
Principal Scientific Officer
Department of Science & Technology
New Delhi.
14. Shri K. N. Johry „
Head. International Scientific Collaboration
CSlR, Rafi Marg
New Delhi.
15. Dr. D. Shankar Narayan ,,
Additional Secretary
University Grants Commission
New Delhi.
16. Prof. D. Lal, FRS „
Director, Physical Research Laboratory
Ahmedabad.
17. Dr. S. P. Jagota
Joint Secretary and Legal Adviser
Ministry of External Affairs
New Delhi.
Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
19. Dr. A. K. Ganguly
National Fellow in Environmental Sciences
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay-Bombay.
20. Commodore I. K. Puri ,,
Adviser, NIO (Ship matters)
CSIR, Rafi Marg
New Delhi-
21. Dr. S. Z. Qasim Convenor
Director, National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa.
5.2 Research Advisory Council
1. Prof. D. Lal, FRS Chairman
Director, Physical Research Laboratory
Ahmedabad.
2. Dr.R. Raghu Prasad Member
Assistant Director-General, ICAR
New Delhi-
3. Dr. V. V. Sastri "
Director, R & D
Institute of Petroleum Exploration
Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun.
Director-General of Meteorology
India Meteorology Department
Lodhi Road, New Delhi-
96

5. Vice-Admiral O.S. Dawson, AVSM, PVSM
Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief
Southern Command, Naval Base, Cochin.
6. Dr. A.K. Ganguly
National Fellow in Environmental Sciences
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trom bay, Bo mbay.
7. Dr. D. Srinivasan
Director. Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory
Naval Base, Cochin.
8. Prof. N. B. Nair
Head of the Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries
University of Kerala, Trivandrum·
9. Dr. V. K. Iya
Director. Isotope Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay-Bombay
10. Dr. S. Z. Qasim
Director, National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa
11. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari Member-Secretary
Deputy Director, National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa
12. Ex-Officio Members
(i) Director-General, SIR or his nominee &
(ii) Chairman. Coordination Council of Physical & Earth Sciences
Group of Laboratories, CSIR.
5.3 Executive Committee
1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim
Director, National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa.
2. Dr. D. Srinivasan
Director, Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory
Naval Base, Cochin.
3. Prof. N. B. Nair
Head of the Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries
University of Kerala, Trivandrum.
4. Dr. A. K. Ganguly
National Fellow in Environmental Sciences
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Bombay.
5. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari
Deputy Director &
Head, Physical Oceanography Division
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa.
6. Shri C. V. G. Reddy
Head, Chemical Oceanography Division
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa-
97

7. Dr. B. N. Desai "
Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre of
NIO Bombay.
8. Finance & Accounts Officer "
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa
9. Administrative Officer Member-Secretary
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa
10. Ex-Officio Members
(i) Director-General, SIR cr his nominee &
(ii) Chairman, Coordination Council of Physical & Earth Sciences
Group of Laboratories, CSIR
5.4 Finance & Building Committee
1. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari Chairman
Deputy Director, National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa
2. Dr. S. P. Deshpande Member
Director, Environmental Planning & Design Consultancy Services
Government of Goa, Daman & Diu
Panaji, Goa.
3. Shri H. N. Siddiquie
Head, Geological Oceanography Division
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa.
4. Shri R. S. Panesar
Head, Engineering Division, CSIR
New Delhi-
5. Dr. B. N. Desai
Scientist-in-Charge
Regional Centre of National Institute of Oceanography
Bombay.
6. Shri Lakhbir Singh
Administrative Officer
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa-
7. Shri A. Rajachandran „
Finance & Accounts Officer
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa·
8. Shri George Philip Convenor
Civil Engineer,
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula, Goa
98

5.5 R. V. Gaveshani Committee
1. Dr. T. S. S. Rao
2. Shri H. N. Siddiquie
3. Dr. R. Sen Gupta
4. Dr. A. B. Wagh
5. Shri A. Rajachandran
6. Shri S. P. Mittal
7. Shri R. K. Nair
5.6 Policy Planning Committee
1. Director, NIO
2. Head. Physical Oceanography Division
3. Head, Chemical Oceanography Division
4. Head, Geological Oceanography Division
5. Head, Biological Oceanography Division
6. Head, Ocean Engineering Division
7. Head, Instrumentation Division
8. Head, Planning & Data Division
9. Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, Cochin
10. Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, Bombay
11. Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, Waltair
12. Administrative Officer
13. Finance & Accounts Officer
14. Section Officer
15. Purchase Officer
16. Stores Officer
17. Civil Engineer
18. Resident Medical Officer
19. Library Incharge
20. Executive Officer, R. V. Gaveshani
21. Dr. R. Sen Gupta
22. Dr. T. S. S. Rao
5.7 Stores & Equipment Committee
1. Shri H.N. Siddiquie
2. Shri J. S. Sastry
3. Dr. E. D'Sa.
4. Dr. B. U. Nayak
5. Shri C. V· G. Reddy
6. Shri R. M. S. Bhargava
7. Shri P. M. A. Bhattathiri
8. Shri R. R. Nair
9. Shri R. K. Nair
10. Shri S. P. Mittal
99
Chairman
Member
Chairman
Member
Convenor
Chairman
Member
Convenor

5.8 Grievance Committee
1. Dr.V. V. R. Varadachari Chairman
2. Dr. B. U. Nayak Member
3. Shri Lakhbir Singh
4. Shri V. Kesava Das
5. Shri R. M. S. Bhargava Member-Secretary
5.9 Staff Quarters/Hostel Allotment Committee
1. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari Chairman
2. Dr. T. S. S. Rao Member
3. Shri. H. N. Siddiquie
4. Shri. Lakhbir Singh "
5. Shri A. Rajachandran "
6. Shri George Philip ,,
5.10 Budget
The budget of the Institute for the year 1980-81 is as follows:
(Rs- in lakhs)
100

5.11 Scientific and Technical Staff
The staff (upto a level of JSA/JTA)as on December 31, 1980.
Director Deputy Director
Dr. S. Z. Qasim Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari
A. Divisions at the Headquarters
1. Physical Oceanography Division
Head of the Division
Scientists
Dr.V. V. R. Varadachari
Dr. J. S. Sastry
Shri L.V.G. Rao
Dr. C. S. Murty
Dr. D. Panakala Rao
Shri M. J. Varkey
Shri P. K. Das
Shri C. K. Gopinathan
Shri V. Ramesh Babu
Shri K. K. Varma (on deputation)
Senior Scientific Assistants
Shri V.esava Das
Shri A. F. Anto
Shri A. D. Gouveia
Shri P. V. Sathe
Shri Y. K. Somayajulu
Shri D. V. Rama Raju
Shri Johnson Samuel
Shri R. J. Krishnamacharyulu
Junior Scientific Assistants
Shri V. S. N. Murty
Shri M. S. Sarma
Shri G. Venkata Reddy
Shri A. A. Fernandes
Junior Technical Assistant
Shri G. Nampoothiri
Junior Research Fellow
Shri P. Vethamony
2. Chemical Oceanography Division
Head of the Division
Scientists
Shri C V. G. Reddy
Dr. R. Sen Gupta
Shri S. P. Anand
Shri S. Y. S. Singbal
Dr. S. Y. Kamat
Dr. A. Rajendran
Dr. C. G. Naik
Shri S. N. De'Souza
Mrs. Solimabi Wahidullah
Senior Scientific Assistants
Shri S. P. Fondekar
Shri M. D. George
Shri S.W.A. Naqvi
Shri N. B. Bhosle
Shri M. D. Rajagopal
Shri R. S. Topgi
Miss S. S. Naik
Junior Scientific Assistants
Mrs. C.D'Silva
Shri K. Sawkar
Shri P. K. Mittal
Shri T. W. Kureishy
Miss S. M. Sanzgiri
Mrs. L. D'Souza
Miss A. Braganca
Junior Technical Assistants
101
Mrs. C. F. Dias
Mrs. B. Das
Mrs. T. Joseph

Junior Research Fellows
Shri M. Dilip Kumar
Miss F. D'Souza
3. Geological Oceanography Division
Head of the Division
Shri H. N. Siddiquie
Scientists
Dr. M.G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty
Shri P. S. N. Murty
Shri R. R. Nair
Shri Ch. Madhusudan Rao
Shri D. Gopala Rao (on deputation
to West Germany)
Dr. M. Veerayya
Shri G V. Rajamanickam
Shri M. Manoharan (on leave)
Shri R. M. Kidvvai
Shri B. G. Wagle
Shri M. V. S. N. Guptha
Shri N. H. Hashimi
Senior Scientific Assistants
Shri F. Almeida (on deputation to
Japan)
Shri G. C. Bhattacharya
Shri A. L. Paropkari
Shri L. V. Subba Raju
Shri K. H. Vora
Shri A. R. Gujar
Shri R. Nigam
Dr. S. M. Karisiddaiah
Shri A. Mascarenhas
Shri M. V. Ramana
Shri V. Subrahmanyam
Dr. A. B. Valsangkar
Junior Scientific Assistant
Shri V. Purnachandra Rao
Senior Technical Assistants
Shri K. L. Kotnala
Shri M. C Pathak
Shri E.Dias
Shri P. Marat he
Junior Technical Assistants
Shri S.K. Nanyasi
Shri H. R. Raghavendra
Junior Mechanical Assistant
Shri A. V. Sonavane
4. Biological Oceanography Division
Head of the Division
Dr. T. S. S. Rao
Scientists
Dr. A. H. Parulekar
Shri V. P. Devassy
Dr. A. G. Untawale
Shri S. C. Goswami
Dr. (Miss) Aditi Pant
Dr. (Mrs.) Sumitra Royan
Dr. D. Chandramohan
Shri P. M. A. Bhattathiri
Dr. (Miss) Loka Bharathi
Shri R. A. Salvakumar
Senior Scientific Assistants
Shri C.T. Achuthankutty
Shri S. N. Harkantra
Dr. M. Madhupratap
Shri Z. A. Ansari
Shri S. R. Sreekumaran Nair
Junior Scientific Assistants
Mrs. L. Krishna Kumari
Mrs. S. Achuthankutty
Shri X.N. Verlencar
Shri T. G. Jagtap
Senior Technical Assistant
Shri V. Subramanian
Junior Technical Assistants
Shri V.K.Dhargalkar
Miss Maria R. Menezes
Research Associates
102
Dr. (Mrs) Usha Goswami
Dr. Joseph Royan
Dr. A. K. Chatterjee

Senior Research Fellow
Shri V. V. Agadi
Junior Research Fellows
Shri C.L. Rodrigues
Shri S. Gouthaman
5. Ocean Engineering Division
Head of the Division
Scientists
Dr. B. U. Nayak
Shri N. M. Anand
Dr. A. K. Jain
Shri S. G. Diwan
Shri T. Balasubramanian
Senior Scientific Assistant
Shri B. A. Ramesh
Junior Research Fellow
Shri D. Sen Gupta
6. Instrumentation Division
Scientist-in- Charge
Dr. E. Desa
Scientists
Shri M. R. Nayak
Dr. E. S. Desa
Shri R. G. Prabhu Desai
Senior Scientific Assistants
Mrs. V. B. Peshwe
Shri H. Srikantan
Senior Technical Assistants
Shri A. Paneerselvam
Shri Md. Wahidullah
Shri V. M. Date
Senior Mechanical Assistant
Shri S.B. Tengali
Junior Technical Assistants
Shri S. Chellam
Shri O. D'Souza
Shri A. Joseph
7. Planning & Data Division
Scientist-in-Charge
Shri R. M. S. Bhargava
Statistical Officer
Shri S. G. Dalal
Scientists
Dr. R. Mahadevan
Shri J. S. Sarupria
Shri Avinash Chandra
Senior Scientific Assistants
Dr. R. K. Sharma
Shri P. V. S. S. R. Sarma
Junior Scientific Assistants
Shri S. R. Bhat (on study leave)
Shri P. G. Patil
Shri Arvind Ghosh
Proof Reader
Shri S. P. Sharma
Junior Technical Assistants
Mrs. R. Thomas
Shri Andrew Menezes
8. Library
Jr. Documentation Officer
Shri M. P. Tapaswi
Senior Librarian
Mrs. S. H. Oka
9. R.V. Gaveshani
Advisor
Commodore I. K. Puri
(Chief Hydrographer, Indian Navy-
Retd.)
Executive Officer
Dr. A. B. Wagh
B. Regional Centres
1. Regional Centre, Cochin
Scientist-in-Charge
Dr. M. Krishnankutty
103

Scientists
Shri V· S. Rama Raju
Dr. R. V. Unnithan
Dr. V. N. Sankaranarayanan
Dr. P. Sivadas
Shri P. Udaya Varma
Shri U. K. Gopalan
Shri P. Gopala Menon
Shri K. J. Peter
Shri B. M. Panikkar
Dr. (Mrs.) M. Saraswathy
Shri P. N. Aravindakshan
Dr. George Peter
Shri V. T. Paulinose
Shri T. Balachandran
Mrs. C. B. Lalilhambika Devi
Shri K. Kameswara Rao
Shri P. S. Gore
Shri T. C. Gopalakrishnan
Dr. (Mrs) V. Santhakumari
Shri K. K. C. Nair
Senior Scientific Assistants
Mrs. P. P. Meenakshi Kunjamma
Mrs. Rosamma Stephen
Shri P. Haridas
Mrs. U. P. Saramma
Junior Scientific Assistant
Shri T. Balasubramanian
Senior Technical Assistant
Shri P. Venugopal
Junior Technical Assistants
Shri Abraham Pylee
Shri B. Narayanan
Mrs. K. Sarala Devi
Shri O. Raveendran
2. Regional Centre, Bombay
Scientist-in-Charge
Dr. B. N. Desai
Scientists
Dr. M. D. Zingde
Shri S. A. H. Abidi
Shri G. Narayana Swamy
Dr. (Mrs) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair
Dr. K. Govindan
Senior Scientific Assistants
Shri M. M. Sabnis
Shri R. V. N. Sarma
Shri S. N. Gajbhiye
Junior Scientific Assistants
Shri A. Suryanarayana
Shri C. V. Vijayakumar
Shri A.Lalitananda Prasad
Junior Technical Assistants
Shri P. V. Narvekar
Shri S. A. Marathe
Shri S. K. Bhakta
Junior Research Fellow
Shri P. K. Varshney
3. Regional Centre, Waltair
Scientist-in-Charge
Scientist
Shri T. C. S. Rao
Shri K. S. R. Murthy
Senior Scientific Assistants
Shri P. Chandra Mohan
Shri K. Subrahmanyam
Shri M.M. Malleswara Rao
Dr. V. V. Sarma
Junior Scientific Assistants
Shri T. V. Narasimha Rao
Shri B. Prabhakara Rao
Shri P. Vijayakumar Rathod
Shri K. Mohan Rao
Junior Technical Assistants
Shri S. Kannan
Shri M.K.Prema Kumar
Senior Research Fellow
Dr. T. Bose Babu
Junior Research Fellow
Shri G. R. K. Raju
104

6
Visitors
Visit of the Vice-President of CSIR
The Vice-President of CSIR. Prof. S. Nurul Hasan visited the Institute from
May 14-16. 1980. This was Prof. Hasan's first visit to ΝIO after taking over as
the Vice-President of CSIR. He was taken to different laboratories by the Director
and was shown and explained the research activities of the various divisions. He
showed a keen interest in the research work in all fields of Oceanography and held
meetings with the scientists for discussing their problems. He also visited the research
vessel Gaveshani where he saw the diffrent laboratories, the research equipment and
the living and working facilities on board.
During his brief stay at the Institute, he inaugurated, the seminar on "Protection
and control of coastal erosion in India" organised by the Institute from 16 to l7 May
1980. In his inaugural address he emphasized the importance of protecting the vast
coastline of India as many industrial complexes and population centres are located
along the coast. He commended the work done and steps taken by NIO in this respect.
Prof. Nurul Hasan in the Computer Centre.
105

Visit of Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu
Honourable Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu, Shri Pratapsingh Rane visted
the Institute thrice during the year. He visited the Institute for the first time
after taking over as the Chief Minister on 3rd March, 1980 alongwith the Speaker of
Goa Assembly Shri F. Machado and the Agriculture Minister Shri J. Aguiar. Director,
NIO took them around the Institute explaining the various research and development
activities. The Chief Minister and his colleagues appreciated the work done by NIO
for the Union Territory of Goa in various fields of resources survey, pollution control,
pipeline surveys, coastal development and sea farming. They also visited the research
vessel Gaveshani of the Institute.
For the second time the Chief Minister visited the Institute on 16th May, 1980
when he was invited to be the Chief Guest at the inauguration of the seminar on
"Protection and control of coastal erosion in India."
The Honourable Chief Minister once again visited to inaugurate the National
workshop on "Energy from the Sea"' on 15th December, 1980.
A number of other VIPs, dignitaries, scientists and professors visited the Institute
and its Regional Centres during the year under report. Some of them are:
Prof. D. J. Crisp, Marine Science Laboratory, Anglesey, U.K.
Dr. Sethu Raman, Atmospheric Science Division, Department of Energy &
Environment, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA-
Dr. Noel Pierre Yues, University of Paris, France.
Shri S. P. Srivastava, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada
Prof. O. Siddiqi, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay.
Dr. J. Szilard, Loughborough University of Technology, U. K.
Dr. K.G.Vohra, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay.
Prof. P. Bruun, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Prof. O. G. Houmb, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Dr. Morterza Amini, Head, Engineering Geology Division, G.M.S.I., Tehran, Iran-
Prof. M. L. Sahare, Chairman, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi-
Prof. E. C. Lafond, Secretary Genera] of the International Association for Physical
Sciences of the Ocean, USA.
Dr. S. M. Haq, Assistant Secretary, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commsi-
sion, UNESCO, Paris.
Prof. A. Ovchinnikov, Vice President, USSR Academy of Sciences, leading a
Russian delegation consisting of Prof. S. E. Severin, Dr. E. V. Grislin and Dr. T. V.
Marchanko.
Dr. W.D. Forrester, Canadian Hydrographic Service, Canada.
Dr. P. K. Bhattacharya, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Dr. Maurice Cross, Fort Bovisand Underwater Centre. U. Κ.
106

Dr. R.S. Mehta. Chairman, Gujarat Water Pollution Control Board, Ahmedabad.
Dr. Enrico Cantore, Director, World Institute for Scientific Humanism. New
York, USA.
Dr. B. V. Srikantan, Director. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay.
Dr. A. K. Mukharjee, Deputy Director-General. Meteorology (Forecasting) India
Meteorological Department. Poona.
Mr. P.G. Dikson, Director MAREX, England, UK.
Mr. Martin Springett, Senior Project Engineer, Marine Exploration Ltd.,
England, UK.
Dr. Bryan Johns, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
Mr. Mohd. Yusuf Abdul Rahim, Chief, Anti-pollution Department, Government
of Kuwait, Kuwait
Mr. Makan Berggren. Counsillor. Swedish Embassy, New Delhi.
Regional Centre, Cochin
Dr. A. M. Jayasekara, Asst. Director, Inland Fishery Division, Ministry of
Fisheries, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Dr. P. K. Rohatgi, Director, Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum.
Dr. Klaus Deninger, Naval Architect, Horshalm. Denmark
Dr. Vagn Hansen, DFH, Denmark
Regional Centre, Bombay
Dr. S.M.Haq, Asst. Secretary, IOC, UNESCO, Paris.
Admiral J. Cursetji, PVSM, Retired Chief of Naval Staff, Indian Navy.
Mr. D. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, Belfours Consulting Engineers, Ltd., UK.
Dr. Roger Perry, Public Health Engineer, Imperial College. London.
Prof. D. J. Crisp, Marine Science Laboratory, Anglesey, UK.
Regional Centre, Waltair
Prof. S. Nurul Hasan, Vice-President, CSIR.
Shri M. R. Appa Rao, Vice-Chancellor, Andhra University, Waltair.
Shri S. Alwardas, MLA, Member of State for Municipal Administrator and
Urban Development, Andhra Pradesh.
Dr. S. Balakrishna, Acting Director, National Geophysical Research Institute,
Hyderabad.
107

7
Colloquia
Speaker Subject Date
1 Dr. S. Sethu Raman
Brookhaven National Laboratory
New York
2 Prof. D. J. Crisp, F.R.S.
University of Wales, U.K.
3 Dr. Noel Pierre Yues
Paris University, Paris
4 Shri S. P. Srivastava
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Dartmouth, Canada
5 Prof. O. Siddiqi
Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research. Bombay
6 Dr. J. Szilard
Loughborough University
of Technology, U. K.
7 Dr. K. G. Vohra
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Bombay
8 Dr. Sharad Vaidya
Goa Cancer Society
Goa
9 Dr. Allan W. H. Be
Columbia University
New York, USA
10 Prof. V. K. Gaur,
University of Roorkee
Roorkee
108
Coastal studies at 21-2-80
Brookhaven National
Laboratory
Extending conservation 21-2-80
seawards
Biology of prawns 22-2-80
Continental margin of 7-3-80
eastern Canada-structure
and development
Genetics of chemo-sensory 10-3-80
mechanism
Ultrasonic lenses 15-3-80
Primeval hydrosphere 25-3-80
and evaluation of life,
atmosphere and ozone layer
Human resource development
for fight against cancer 2-4-80
Planktonic foraminifera 8-9-80
—its biology, ecology
and paleoclimatology
Multi-dimensional inter- 19-9-80
pretation of geodata

11 Dr. Eugene C. Lafond
International Association
for the Physical Sciences
of the Ocean, USA
12 Dr. W. D. Forrester
Canadian Hydrographic Service
Canada
13 Dr. P. K. Bhattacharya
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore
14 Dr. Maurice Cross
Fort Bovis and Underwater
Centre, U. K.
15 Dr. R. S. Mehta
Gujarat Water Pollution Board
Gujarat
16 Dr. Enrico Cantore
World Institute for
Scientific Humanism.
New York. USA
109
Studies from an oceano- 27-10-80
graphic tower
Validity of the geostrophic 18-11-80
approximation in coastal
waters
Directions of research in 18-11-80
the eighties in marine
microbiology and microbial
chemistry
Underwater photography
and diving 24-11-80
Industrial development with
special reference to Gujarat 10-12-80
environmental impact on
industrialization
(i) Science. Technology and 23-12-80
Society - Religious and
Ethical Problems
(ii) Science and Man 27-12-80

8
Awards, honours and membership of
various committees
Dr. S. Z. Qasim acted as
— Chairman, Working Committee for the Training, Education and Mutual
Assistance (TEMA) in the Marine Sciences of International Oceanographic
Commission, UNESCO.
— National Coordinator for the project 'Development of Inland Fisheries under
the Rural Technology Programme' of the Commonwealth Science Council,
Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
— Member, Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO.
— Member, National Commission on Environmental Planning and Coordination
of Department of Environment.
— Adviser, Marine Ecology Progress Series of the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland-Hamburg.
— Member, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Society.
— Member, Governing Body of CSIR.
— Chairman, Coordination Council of Physical and Earth Sciences Group consisting
of 5 laboratories of CSIR.
Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari was elected as Fellow of the Indian National Science
Academy (F.N.A) and continued to serve as
— Member-Secretary of the Indian National Committee for SCOR (Scientific
Committee on Ocean Research)
— Member, Board for Ocean Engineering Centre. I.I.T. Madras.
— Member, Board of Studies in Physical Oceanography, University of Cochin,
Cochin.
— Member, Marine Sciences Advisory Committee for Centre for Earth Science
Studies. Trivandrum.
Shri H. N. Siddiquie continued to serve as
— Member of Board of Studies in Marine Sciences, University of Cochin, Cochin.
— Member, Council of Association of Exploration Geophysicists of India.
— National Correspondent for the Commission on Marine Geology. International
Union of Geological Sciences-
Dr. J. S. Sastry
— has been nominated as the member of the Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee
for IGOSS.
— acted as Member of the Indian Ocean Panel, SCOR Working Group 47.
— acted as Member of the ISI - Thermometers Sub-Committee, CDC-33.2.
Dr. B. U. Nayak was enrolled as a member of the Indian Geotechnical Society of
India.
110

Dr. B. A..Desai was recognised as a guide for M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Applied
Biology by the University of Bombay and continued to serve as
— Member, Science and Technology Advisory Committee. Government of
Maharashtra.
— Member, Advisory Committee. Maharashtra Prevention ot" Water Pollution
Board .
— Member, Committee on Marine Disposals. Indian Standards Institution.
— Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Biology, University of Jodhpur,
Jodhpur.
— Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Sciences, University of Bombay,
Bombay.
— Member, Study Group for Fisheries in the Bombay Metropolitan Region.
Dr. R. Sen Gupta has been
— recognised as a guide for Ph.D. in Chemistry by Poona University.
— nominated as a Member of the Advisory Committee on Dispersion of Substances
in the Oceans of International Association for the Physical Sciences of
the Oceans.
Dr. M. Krishnankutty acted as Member, Board of Examiners, University of Cochin, Cochin.
Shri T. C. S. Rao served as
— Member, Association Exploration Geophysicists.
— Member, Acoustical Society of India
Shri R. M. S. Bhargava
— acted as Indian National Coordinator for International Oceanographic Data
Exchange (IODE) of IOC.
— was selected as Member of Group of Experts on Format Development of
International Oceanographic Data Exchange of IOC.
Shri L. V. G. Rao acted as Alternate Member of the ISI-Thermometers Sub-Committee,
CDC-33.2.
Dr. R. V. Unnithan acted as
— Member. Senate of the University of Cochin.
— Member. Sasthra Sahitya Patishad, Ernakulam.
Dr. A. H. Parulekar acted as
— Member, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth & ICAR Committee on Education, Research
and Development in Fisheries.
— Member, Board of Examiners (Fisheries Biology),. Central Institute of Fisheries
Education (ICAR), Bombay.
— Member, Board of Examiners (Marine Biology), Karnataka University,
Dharvar.
— Member, Regional Advisory Committee on Exploratory Fishery Project (Goa
base), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
— Expert Member, Marine Fisheries Committee (Legislative) for drafting the Goa
Fisheries Bill, Government of Goa, Daman & Diu.
Dr. A.G. Untawale acted as
— Member, Board of Studies in Botany, Nagpur University, Nagpur.
111

— Member, Biosphere, Forest and Wild-life Theme Committee, Government of
Gujarat.
— Member, National Mangrove Committee of DST, Government of India, New
Delhi.
Shri S. A. H. Abidi was awarded Certificate of Merit (Tampatra) by Nav Par Nal
(A Hindi Academy). Port Blair and acted as
— Member, Committee of MPEDA for International Fair to be held in 1981 at
Madras.
— Member, Regional Committee No. ΠΙ—Humid Eastern Zone Himalayan region
and Bay of Bengal Islands of the ICAR 1980.
— Member, State Level Environment Committee of Andaman & Nicobar Island.
Shri V. K. Gopalan continued to act as
— Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Studies. University of Cochin
and Member, Consultative Committee for the establishment of a School of
Biological Sciences of the same University.
— Member, Executive Council, Marine Biological Association of India.
— Member, Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad.
— Member, Cochin Chapter of the Friends of Trees.
— Secretary, Cochin Science Association.
Dr. (Mrs) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair has been recognised as a guide for Ph.D. in Applied
Biology by the University of Bombay, Bombay.
Dr. K. Govindan has been recognised as a guide for Ph.D. in Applied Biology by the
University of Bombay, Bombay
Shri M. V. S. N. Guptha has served as a Member. International Nannoplankton
Association, the Netherlands for the year 1980.
Shri G. C. Bhattacharya has been elected as Member, Association of Exploration
Geophysicists of India.
Shri S. M. Karisiddaiah
— was awarded Ph.D. degree by the Karnataka University, Dharwar for his
thesis "Geology of the area around Bellary, Karnataka, India"
— has been elected as a Fellow of Geological Society of India
Shri X. N. Verlencar was awarded a cash prize for his popular article in the "Water
Chemicals Forum" by Glaxo Laboratories (India) Ltd., Bombay.
Shri P. V. Narvekar was awarded M.Sc. degree in Inorganic Chemistry by the
University of Bombay for his thesis entitled "Study of boron in marine
environment with special reference to boron-chlorinity ratio".
Miss K. Radha Krishna was awarded M. A. degree in Philosophy by Andhra
University.
Shri Jiyalal Ram was awarded B.Sc. degree in Botany by University of Bombay,
Bombay.
112

9
Deputations
Dr. S. Z. Qasim was deputed to
— Argentina to chair the Third Session of the Working Committee for the Training,
Education and Mutual Assistance in the Marine Sciences of IOC/UNE-
SCO at Buenos Aires.
— Sri Lanka to participate in the Planning Meeting of the project "Development
of Inland Fisheries" under the Rural Technology Programme of the
Commonwealth Science, London at Colombo.
Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari on being nominated by INSA as India's delegate, was
deputed to attend an International Conference on "Oceanography from
Space" organised by SCOR/COSPAR/IUCRAM at Venice, Italy from 26-30
May, 1980.
Dr. T. S. S. Rao was deputed to West Germany from September 20 to October 8,
to participate in the 15th European Marine Biology Symposium at Kiel.
Sliri C. V. G. Reddy was deputed to USA under the 'CSIR-NSF Exchange of
Scientists' programme from 13th October to 22nd November to study the
latest developments in the field of chemistry of marine natural products.
Shri R. M. S. Bhargava was deputed to
— USA to participate in (i) the First Meeting of Group Experts on Format
Development and (ii) Intersessional Consultations on International Oceanographic
Data Exchange (IODE) held at Washington DC from September 8 to 17
1980.
— attend a workshop in INFOTERRA organised by the Department of Science
& Technology and UNEP at New Delhi from July 14-24, 1980.
Dr. A. G. Untawale was deputed to Malaysia to attend the International Symposium
on 'Mangroves Environmental Research' organized by UNESCO at University
of Malaysia Kaula-Lampur from 24 to 30 August, 1980 and presented a
paper "Present status of the Mangroves along the west coast of India".
Dr. J. S. Sasitry was deputed to UK to participate in the Indian Ocean Panel
meeting of SCOR Workshop Group 47 at the Institute of Oceanographic
Sciences, UK during 25 to 26 June, 1980.
Dr. C. S. Murty was deputed to Triesty, Italy for three months (September to
November, 1980) to participate in a course on "Physics of flow in the oceans,
atmosphere and deserts" at Centre of Theoretical Physics, Triesty.
Shri A.Rajachandran and Shri S.G. Dalal were deputed to attend the workshop on
'Financial Management" organized by CSIR at New Delhi from July 3 to 6, 1980.
Dr. A.K. Jain, Shri S.G. Diwan. Shri P. Chandramohan, Shri T. Balasubramanian,
Shri M. J. Varkey and Shri G. Narayanaswamy were deputed to Norway for a
113

period of six months (January to June 1980) under NORAD Assistance
Programme to attend a specially designed six months course in Applied
Oceanography and Ocean Engineering at Norwegian Institute of Technology,
Trondheim, Norway.
Shri S. P. Fondekar was deputed to UK for six months (January to June 1980) to
attend Diploma course in Marine Pollution Chemistry at the Department of
Oceanography, University of Liverpool.
Dr. R. K. Sharma was deputed to Japan
— to attend "International Training Course in Data Dissemination" organised
by UNESCO/CODATA/Japan CODATA at University of Library & Information
Science, Tsukuba, Japan from 1 to 4 October, 1980.
— to participate in the 7th International CODATA Conference at KYOTO
organized by ICSU/CODATA/Japan CODATA/UNESCO from 7 to 11 October,
1980.
Shri K. H. Vora and Shri E.Dias were deputed to Norway for training under the
NORAD Assistance Programme for training in marine geology and geological/
geophysical instruments respectively.
Shri Y. K. Somayajulu and Shri B. Prabhakar Rao were deputed to attend an "Intensive
Course on Sound Transmission in Coastal Seas" conducted at the Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore in June 1980.
114

10
Meetings, exhibitions, seminars, symposia and
special lectures
Dr. S. Z. Qusim
— delivered a key-note address to the participants of the Small Harbour Engineering
Course on January 12, 1980 at IIT, Bombay.
— participated in the planning meeting of the project "Development of Inland
Fisheries under the Rural Technology Programme" of the Commonwealth
Science Council held in Colombo (Sri Lanka) from 3 to 5 June, 1980 and presented
the country report from India which dealt with the state of art of
Inland Fisheries and the prospects for the development of inland fishery resources
of the country.
— participated and chaired a session in the International Symposium on Management
of Environment at BARC, Bombay.
Shri H. N. Siddiquie delivered lectures on "Status of Marine Mineral Exploration in
India" and "Exploration for Offshore Mineral Deposits" at Ocean Engineering
Centre of ΙIT, Madras in June, 1980.
Shri H. N. Siddiquie, Shri G. C. Bhattacharya, Dr. S. M. Karisiddaiah, Shri M. V
Ramana and Shri V. Subrahmanyam participated and presented papers in
the Sixth Annual Convention of the Association of Exploration Geophysicists
of India held at Bangalore from 23 to 25 October, 1980.
Dr. B. U. Nayak delivered
— five lectures during the ISTE Winter School on "Design and Construction
of Offshore Structures" at Engineering College, Farmagudi, Goa.
— three lectures for the Small Harbour Engineering Course conducted at IIT,
Bombay from January 2 to 12, 1980.
Dr.B. N. Desai participated, in the
— International Symposium on Management of Environment at BARC,
Bombay.
— Workshop on Reservoir Fisheries for Rural Development at Central Institute
of Fisherise Education, ICAR, Bombay.
— Symposium on Coastal Intakes and Outfalls organized at Engineers India Ltd.,
New Delhi.
— delivered lectures at the University of Jodhpur for postgraduate students in
Environmental Biology.
Dr. B. N. Desai, Dr. M. D. Zingde, Shri S. A. H. Abidi, Shri G. Narayana Swamy
Dr. (Mrs) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, Shri S. N. Gajbhiye and Shri P. K. Varshney
participated in a Television Programme on the "Pollution of Coastal Waters
of Bombay"·
115

Dr. R. Sen Gupta participated and delivered talks
— at the 3rd Workshop on Marine Pollution Monitoring, New Delhi from 11 to
15 February, 1980 organised by IGOSS of IOC as a member of Indian
delegation.
— at the National Seminar on Environmental Education, Bangalore from 13 to
17 June, 1980 organised by Indian Environmental Society.
— at the Seminar on Environmental Pollution in Madras Metropolitan Area,
Madras from 24 to 25 November, 1980 organised by Max Muller Bhawan,
Madras, as an invited speaker.
— at the National Convention of Chemists, Bombay from 9 to 14 December. 1980
organised by Association of Chemists, India as an invited speaker.
Dr. M. G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty
— delivered lecture at Rotary Club, Panaji on the topic "Ocean Wealth" in
October, 1980.
— delivered lectures on Marine Micropaleontology at the Department of Marine
Geology, Cochin University from 27July to 6 August, 1980.
— attended and presented a paper in Symposium on "Three Decades of Developments
in Paleontology and Stratigraphy in India' at Hyderabad from 10 to
12 December, 1980.
— attended Third Indian Geological Congress held at Poona from 24 to 31
December, 1980.
Shri T. C. S. Rao presented a paper entitled "Gravity Low in Bay of Bengal" at
Sixth Annual Convention of the Association of Exploration Geophysicists
and Seminar on Exploration Geophysics organized by Centre of Exploration
Geophysics at Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Shri R. R. Nair delivered a series of lectures in September, 1980 at the Centre of
Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum.
Shri S. P. Anand participated in the "All India Symposium and Exhibition on Solar
Energy" held at Osmania University, Hyderabad from 22 to 23 March, 1980.
shri L. V. Gangadhara Rao attended the Seminar on Bhaskara held on 27 June, 1980
at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore.
Shri U. K. Gopalan delivered a series of lectures on diverse aspects of Marine Environment
at various colleges in Kerala.
Dr. R. V. Unnithan
— delivered lecture on ''Cochin University—Today End Tomorrow"at Cochin.
— participated in the seminar on "Training for Rural Development in Kerala" held
at the University of Cochin, Cochin.
Dr. A. H. Parulekar presented two background/experience papers in "Workshop on
Mussel Farming" held at Madras from 25 to 27 September, 1980 under the
UNEP/ICAR Centre of Advanced Studies in Mariculture.
Dr. (Mrs.) Sumitra Royan and Mrs. L. Krishna Kumari presented a paper on "Food
conversion efficiency in the shrimp, M. monoceros fed on decomposed mangrove
leaves" at International Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture held at
Cochin from 12-18 January, 1980.
116

Dr. A. G. Untawale and Mrs. Sayeeda Wafar attended the International Wetlands
Conference at New Delhi from 10 to 17 September, 1980 and Dr. Untawale
presented a paper on 'Application of remote sensing technique in the studies
of distribution of mangroves in Goa'.
Dr. J. P. Royan presented a paper on "Importance of Artemia salina as food in shrimp
culture' at the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture held at Cochin during
12 and 18 January, 1980.
— delivered a special lecture on 'Culture of Artemia salina in India' on 29 July
1980 at the Summer Institute on Brackish water capture and culture fisheries,
held at the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR), Barrackpore,
West Bengal.
Dr. (Mrs.) Usha Goswami and Shri S. C. Goswami presented a paper "Formulation of
cheap prawn diets and their biological evaluation on some penaeid prawns'
at the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture held at Cochin from 12 to 18
January. 1980.
Dr. M. D. Zingde attended Third IOC/WMO Workshop on Marine Pollution Monitoring
at New Delhi from 13-15 February, 1980.
Shri N. M. Anand delivered a lecture during the ISTE Winter School on 'Design and
construction of offshore structures' held at Engineering College, Farmagudi, Goa.
Dr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair delivered a series of invited lectures on "Plankton
and Productivity" at Central Institute of Fisheries Education, ICAR, Bombay.
Shri B. G. Wagle attended a seminar organised by the Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India on Security measures for restricted maps and aerial
photographs from 6 to 7 October, 1980 held at New Delhi.
Shri S. N. Harkantra participated and presented two papers in 'International Symposium
on "Coastal Aquaculture' held at Cochin from 12 to 18 January, 1980.
Shri Rajiv Nigam participated and presented a paper at the Eighth Indian Colloquia on
Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy held at Baroda from 14 to 16 February, 1980.
Mrs. V. B. Peshwe participated in the Fluke Calibration Seminar organised by M/s,
Hinditron Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore at the Indian Institute of Science-
Bangalore from October 29 to 30, 1980.
Shri C. L. Rodrigues participated and presented a paper in the "First All India Symposium
on Invertebrate Reproduction' held from 28 to 30 July, 1980 at Madras.
Shri V. K. Dhargalkar and Shri V. V. Agadi attended National Workshop on Algal
Systems at Madras on 3rd and 4th October, 1980. Shri V. K. Dhargalkar
presented a paper entitled "Some observations on the effect of seaweed liquid
fertilizer on the higher plants'.
Dr. T. Bose Babu, Shri G. R. K. Raju and Dr. V. V. Sarma presented a paper entitled
"Studies on the distribution of pollutants in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam"'
in the seminar organised by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay.
117

International Seminar on India and East African, Littoral, Hinterland and Island States:
Areas of Cooperation
This Seminar co-sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, the
Centre of East African Studies of Bombay University and the National Institute of
Oceanography was held at NIO. Dona Paula. Goa from January 16-18, 1980.
Prof. Ram Joshi. President. Seminar Committee and Vice-Chancellor. Bombay
University, welcomed the participants and guests. Mr. M. A. Vellodi. IFS. Adviser to
the Department of Atomic Energy, inaugurated the Seminar and Dr. S. Z. Qasim-
Director. ΝIΟ. Vice-Chairman. Organizing Committee proposed a vote of thanks.
Shrimati Shanti Sadiq Ali. Member. Governing Body, I.C.A.R. New Delhi and
Chairman. Organizing Committee highlighted the theme of the Seminar.
About 50 scientists and educationists from India and African countries participated
in this Seminar.
More than 20 papers pertaining to the theme of the Seminar were presented
which were followed by very lively and indepth discussions. Finally the committee
made the following recommendations:
1. To reinforce cooperative efforts to make the Indian Ocean a of peace and
more in the direction of the principle of collective self-reliance.
2. To explore the possibility to form an Indian Ocean Economic Community
supplemented by a multi-lateral organisation to look after the economic and technical
efforts in the region.
118

3. To organize proper training courses and to provide mutually negotiable
educational, cultural and technological assistance including the meteorological aspects
to the countries in the region-
All India Seminar on Protection and Control of Coastal Erosion in India
This Seminar was organised by NIO at the Institute premises at Dona Paula
on May 16 and 17. 1980. The Seminar was inaugurated by Pro. S. Nurul Hasan,
Vice-President of CSIR. More than 60 senior scientists and engineers from organizations
like Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune; Engineering Research
Institutes of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat; Port Trusts and Public
Works Departments of various States, India Tourism Department Corporation, New
Delhi, academic institutions like IIT and Karnataka Regional Engineering College,
Suratkal participated in this seminar. Two distinguished scientists Prof. P. Bruun and
Prof. O. G. Houmb of the Norwegian Institute of Technology also participated in the
Seminar. The Chief Minister of Goa. Daman and Diu. Shri Pratap Singh Rane was
the Chief Guest, who released the manual on "Protection and control of coastal
erosion in India' prepared by Prof. P. Bruun and Dr. B. U. Nayak.
In the seminar, deliberations were held under four technical sessions, viz. (i)
causes of coastal erosion, (ii) procedures for field and laboratory studies, (iii) remedial
measures and (iv) coastal protection and management. In the concluding session,
the seminar emphasized the need for further research and recommended concentrated
efforts for developing the following:
1. Conservative methods for the protection of beaches and dunes and their
restoration by placement of sand from inland offshore sources and growing dune
vegetation-
2. Various remedial measures for eliminating erosion caused due to man-made
coastal developments such as harbours, coastal protection structures, fishery jetties, etc.
119

3. Various low-cost equipment for handling artificial beach nourishment and
sand by-passing projects.
4. A national policy for coastal zone management taking into consideration the
multiple use of the shoreline.
5. Comprehensive rules and guidelines in regard to direct removal of sand
from beaches and dunes for commercial purposes.
6. A multi-disciplinary approach for solving country's shoreline erosion pro-
blems and a leading role of NIO in this context.
National Workshop on Energy from the Sea
A national workshop on "Energy from the Sea", the first of its kind organised
in India was held at the National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula,
Goa on 15 and 16 December, 1980. The main objective of the workshop was to
review the state of art on the subject and to identify R & D areas on 'Energy from
the Sea' to be carried out by a team in India.
The two day workshop sponsored jointly by NIO and Spencer's India Ltd.,
Bangalore was inaugurated by the Honourable Chief Minister of Goa, Daman &
Diu - Shri Pratap Singh Rane on 15th December, 1980.
About 75 delegates consisting of engineers, scientists and planners from various
leading research and academic institutions of the country and the State Electricity
Boards participated in the workshop in which 37 papers were presented and discussed.
The deliberations of the workshop were grouped in five technical sessions dealing
with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). Wave Energy, Tidal Energy. Energy
from Salinity Gradient (ESG) and Marine Biomass Conversion (MBC).
Some of the recommendations of the workshop were:
1. India has a high potential for 'OTEC' plants.
2. Lakshadweep is geographically well suited for a mini-OTEC plant.
3. A coordinated multi-disciplinary research programme should be developed
for an experimental OTEC plant of one megawatt.
4. The wave activated generator developed by the Madras Port Trust should
be widely used for lighting navigation buoys.
5. Studies in the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay and Sunderbans for the
development of Tidal Power Plants should be intensified.
6. Collection of wave data for extracting energy from waves should be carried
out intensively.
7· Development of a national time-bound programme for OTEC and tidal
power development is necessary.
8. The R and D work for extracting energy from salinity gradients and marine
biomass conversion should also be undertaken.
120

Honurable Shri Pratapsingh
Rane, Chief Minister. Goa,
Daman & Diu inagurating
the National Workshop on
Energy from the Sea.
Prof. Nurul Hasan on board Gaveshani

Dr. A. B. Wagh
11
Radio Talks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Speaker
Dr.S. Z. Qasim
Dr. J. S. Sastry
Dr. B. U. Nayak
Shri T. C. S. Rao
"
Dr. E. Desa
Dr. A. H. Parulekar
Shri S. A. H. Abidi
Shri S. N. De Souza
Shri S. G. Dalal
"
Dr. M. Madhupratap
Shri K. Sawkar
122
Subject
• • Science and International
Cooperation
• • Monsoon Experiment 1979
• • Coastal protection and control
• • Blue Revolution
• • Aquaculture (in Marathi)
• • Fishing—Mechanical or
treditional (in Marathi)
• • Energy from the sun
• • Importance of prawns in the
development of Fisheries in Goa
• • Sagar Manthini Gaveshani
• • Pollution of the sea (in Konkani)
• • Computer and Society
• • What is Computer? (in Marathi)
• • Energy from the sea
• • Synthetic fibres

12
Publications
12.1 Scientific Papers
Abidi, S.H. and S.B. Singh, 1980. Fishery of the Nyumba Ya Mungu Dam—A man
made lake in Tanzania. Jour. Indian Fish. Ass., 6:72.80.
Achuthankutty, C. T. and S.R. Sreekumaran Nair, 1980. Mangrove swamps as fry
source for shrimp culture-—A case study. Mahasagar Bull· natn. lust. Oceanogr.,
13: 269-276.
Achuthankutly, C T., M- Madhupratap, V.R. Nair, S.R.S. Nair and T.S.S. Rao,
1980. Zooplankton biomass and composition in the western Bay of Bengal
during late SW monsoon. Indian J. mar. Sci, 9: 201-206.
Almeida, F. and G.C. Bhattacharya, 1980. Ripples on the seabed in the Bombay
harbour area. Indian J. mar. Sci.,9: 212-214.
Anand, S.P. 1980. A solar dryer for marine-cum-farm products. Mahasagar—Bull·
natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 383-384.
Ansari, Z.A., A.H. Parulekar and T.G. Jagtap. 1980. Distribution of sublittoral
meiobenthos off Goa coast, India. Hydrobiologia, 74: 209-214.
Anto, A.F. and L. Hasse, 1980. Methods for the determination of the fluxes of
momentum and heat in the surface layer over the Sea. Mausam, 31: 1-8.
Anto, A.F.L. Hasse and C.S. Murty, 1980. Stability parameters and their interrelationships
at the Naviface.Mahasagar—Bull.natn.Inst. Oceanogr., 13:295-302.
Bhattathiri, P.M.A., V.P. Devassy and K. Radhakrishna, 1980. Primary production
in the Bay of Bengal during south-west monsoon of 1978. Mahasagar—Bullnatn.
Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 315-323.
Braganca, A.and S. Sanzgiry, 1980. Concentration of few trace metals in some coastal
and offshore regions of Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 283-286.
Dalal, S.G., 1980. Relationship between benthic foraminifera and sediment in the
estuarine complex of Goa. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 77-79.
De Sa, S.E. and E. De Sa, 1980. A closed-loop electromagnetic flowmeter. J. Phys.
E. Sci. Instrumn., 13: 233-235.
De Sa, S.E. and E. De Sa, 1980. Sensor design for an electromagnetic flowmeter.
Indian J. Pure and Applied Physics, 18: 351—353.
Dhargalkar, V.K. and A.G. Untawale, 1980. Some observations on the effect of
seaweed liquid fertilizers on the higher plants. Proceedings of National Workshop
on Algal System, 1980, p. 63-72.
Dhargalkar, V.K., T.G. Jagtap and A.G. Untawale, 1980. Biochemical constituents
of the seaweeds along the Maharashtra coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 297-299.
123

Fondekar, S.P., R.S. Topgi and R.J. Noronha, 1980. Distribution of petroleum
hydrocarbons in Goa coastal waters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 286-288.
George, J. and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1980. Planktonic ostracods of the northern
Indian Ocean. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13 :
29-44·
Gcpalan. U.K., P. P Meenakshikunjamma and K. S. Purushan, 1980. Fungal infection
in the tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and in other crustaceans from the Cochin
backwater. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 359-365.
Gopalan, U. K , K. S. Purushan and T. S. S. Rao, 1980. Case studies on the economics
of an improved method of paddy field shrimp culture in Vypeen Island,
Kerala. Proc. First Nat. Symp. on Shrimp Fanning, Bombay, 175-186.
Gopinathan, C. K. and P. S. Joseph, 1980. Physical features of nearshore waters off
Karwar. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 166—171.
Gore, P. S. T. S. G. Iyer, O. Raveendran and R. V. Unnithan, 1980. Isolation and
significance οf Salmonella sp. from some beaches of Kerala. Mahasagar—Bull. natn.
Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 147—152.
Govindan, K., R. Kashinathan and B. N. Desai, 1980. Quantitative studies on macrobenthic
fauna in the polluted Thana Creek and Bombay harbour. J. Indian
Fish. Ass., 6: 129-138.
Haridas, P. P. Gopala Menon and M. Madhupratap, 1980. Annual variations in
zooplankton from a polluted coastal environment. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr., 13: 239-248.
Harkantra, S. N., Ayyappan Nair, Z. A. Ansari and A. H. Parulekar, 1980. Benthos
of the shelf region along the west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 106-110.
Jacob, P. G. and M. D. Rajagopal. 1980. Variations in stomach contents and biochemical
composition of tissues in some marine fishes. Indian J. war. Sci.,
9: 207-211.
Jagtap, T. G. and A. G. Untawale, 1980. Effect of petroleum products on mangrove
seedlings. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13:165-172.
Jagtap, T. G. and A. G. Untawale, 1980. Some ecological observations on Cataglossa
lepoieuii (Harvey) from Zuari estuary, Goa. Seaweed Research and Utilisation,
4: 17-24.
Kesava Das, V. A. D. Gouveia and K. K. Varma, 1980. Circulation and water
characteristics on isanosteric surfaces in the northern Arabian Sea during
February-April. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 156-165.
Lalithambika Devi, C. B., T. Balasubramanian, H. Krishna Iyer and M. Krishnan kutty,
1980. Feeding efficiency of Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus dobsoni in different
substratum. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 353-357.
Lingaraja, T. R. A. Selvakumar and V.K. Venugopalan, 1980. A simple continuously
monitoring apparatus for respiration study in aquatic organisms. Indian J.
Exp. Biol, 18: 413-415.
Madhupratap, M., 1980. Ecology of coexisting copepod species from Cochin backwaters-
Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 45-52·
124

Madhupratap, M., V. P. Devassy, S. R. S. Nair and T. S. S. Rao, 1980. Swarming
of pelagic tunicates associated with phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal.
Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 69- 71.
Mascarenhas A. H. N. Siddiquie and R. S. Topgi, 1980. Distribution of strontium
in sediments of the Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9:281-283.
Matondkar, S. G. P., S. Mahtani and S. Mavinkurve, 1980. Seasonal variations in
the microflora from mangrove swamps of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 119-120.
Matondkar, S. G. P., S. Mahtani and S. Mavinkurve, 1980. The fungal flora of the
mangrove swamps of Goa. Mahasagar—Bull. natn· Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 281-283.
Menezes, M. R., 1980. Soluble lens protein polymorphism in oil sardine, Sardinella
longiceps Val. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 183-185.
Menezes, M. R., 1980. Some observations on the morphometry and biology of Psettodes
erumei (Bloch) and Pseudorhombus arsiwn (Ham-Buch) from the Goa region-
Mahasagar—Bull. natn.Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 377-381.
Menezes, M. R., 1980. Immunological analysis of the soluble lens proteins in some
marine fishes. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 63-65.
Mishra, D. C., K. S. R Murthy and T. C. S. Rao, 1980. General expression for the
spectrum of magnetic anomaly dus to a long tabular body and its characteristics-
Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 250-252.
Murty, C.S. and V.V.R. Varadachari, 1980. Topographic changes of the beaches at
Valiathura, Kerala. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 31-34.
Murty, C.S., M. Veerayya, J.S. Sastry and V. V. R. Varadachari, 1980. Beach morphological
variations over micro-time scales. Indian J. mar Sci., 9: 35-44.
Murty, C.S., J.S, Sastry and V. V. R, Varadachari, 1980. Shoreline deformation
in relation to shore protection structures along Kerala coast. Indian J. mar-
Sci-, 9: 77-81.
Murty, P. S.N., Ch.M. Rao, A.L. Paropkari and R.S. Topgi, 1980. Distribution of
Al, Mn, Ni, Co and Cu in the nonlithogenous fractions of the sediments of
the northern half of the western continental shelf of India. Indian J. mar.Sci.,
9: 56-61.
Naik, S. and C.V.G. Reddy, 1980. Calcium phosphate saturation in the western Bay
of Bengal. Indian J. mar, Sci., 9. 179-183.
Nair, K.K.C. and K. Anger, 1980. A closed sea water flow through siphon system
for the cultivation and rearing of marine animals. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr., 13: 133-145.
Nair, K.K.C. and K. Anger, 1980. Seasonal variation in population structure and biochemical
composition of Jassa falcata (Crustacea, Amphipoda) off the island of
Helgoland. East Coast Marine Sciences, USA, Part II, 505-513.
Nair, R. R. and N. H. Hashimi. 1980. Holocene climatic inferences from the sediments
of the western Indian continental shelf. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 89: 299-315.
Nair, S.R.S. C. T. Achuthankutty, Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and V. P. Devassy, 1980.
Plankton composition in the coastal waters between Jaigarh and Rajapur along
west coast of India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13 : 343-352.
125

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., 1980. Production and association of zooplankton in the estuaries
and nearshore waters of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 116-119.
Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., 1980. Organic carbon content of tropical zooplankton. Indian
J. mar. Sci., 9: 114-116.
Nair, Vijayalakshmi R. and G. Peter, 1980. Zooplankton from the shelf waters off the
west coast of India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 13: 61-65.
Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., V. P. Devassy and S.Z. Qasim, 1980. Zooplankton and Trichodesmium
phenomenon. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 1-6.
Nair, Vijayalakshmi R. and V.T. Paulinose, 1980. Decapod larvae from the nearshore
waters of Karwar. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 13: 277-280.
Namboodiri, P.N. and P.Sivadas, 1980. On the occurrence of Bullia tranquebarioa
(Roding) Nassaridae (Gastropoda) in Kavaratti atoll (Lakshadweep). Curr.
Sci.; 549:683-684.
Nigam, R. and M.G.A.P. Setty, 1980. Paleogene reworked foraminifera in the recent,
sediments off Daman, western India. Proc. 3rd Indian Geological Congress,
Poona, 273-280.
Pant, A·, V.K. Dhargalkar, N.B. Bhosle and A. G. Untawale, 1980. Contribution of
phytoplankton photosynthesis to a mangrove ecosystem. Mahasagar—Bull.
natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 225-234.
Paropkari, A.L, R.S., Topgi, Ch. M. Rao and P. S. N. Murty, 1980. Distribution
of Fe, Mn, Ni, Co and Zn in the nonlithogenous fractions of sediments of
Gulf of Kutch. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 54-56.
Parulekar, A.H., V.K. Dhargalkar and S.Y.S. Singbal, 1980. Benthic studies in Goa
estuaries: Part III. Annual cycle of macrofaunal distribution, production and
trophic relations. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 189-200.
Paulinose, V.T., 1980. Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition
(Larval and postlarval stages of Parapenaeus Smith (Penaeinae). Jour.
Nat.. Hist., London, 13: 599-618.
Peshwe, V.B., S.G. Diwan, A. Joseph and E. Desa, 1980. Wave and tide gauge.
Indian J. mar. Sci., 9:73-76.
Qasim, S. Z. and R. Sen Gupta. 1980. Present status of marine pollution in India. Management
of the Environment, edited by B. Patel, Wiley Eastern Ltd. pp. 310-329.
Qasim, S.Z., 1980. Adaptations in phytoplankton to changing conditions in tropical
estuaries. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13:117-124.
Rajendran, A., M. D. Rajagopal and C.V.G. Reddy, 1980. Distribution of dissloved
silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 172-178.
Rajendran. A., T. Joseph and C.V.G. Reddy, 1980. Experimental studies on urea
degradation in sea water. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 303-313.
Ramesh Babu, V. M.J. Varkey, V. Kesava Das and A.D. Gouveia, 1980. Water
masses and general hydrography along the west coast of India during early
March. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 82-89.
Rao, T.C.S., X. Terry Machado and K.S.R. Murthy, 1980. Topographic features
over the continental shelf of Visakhapatnam. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr., 13: 23-28.
126

Rao, T.C.S. and K.S.R. Murthy, 1980. Magnetic surveys over the continental shelf
of Visakhapatnam. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 83-89.
Rao, T.S.S., 1980. Zoogeography of the Indian Ocean. In: Zoogeography and Diversity
in Plankton, edited by Drs. Van der Spoel and Pierrot Bults, pp. 254-292.
Remani, K.N., P. Venugopal, K. Sarala Devi, S. Lalitha and R. V. Unnithan, 1980.
Sediments of the Cochin backwater in relation to pollution. Indian J. mar.
Sci., 9: 111-114.
Royan, J. P., 1980. Decapsulated brine shrimp cysts—an ideal feed for shrimps in
aquaculture. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 125-126.
Royan, J.P., 1980. Laboratory and field studies on an Indian strain of the brine
shrimp, Artemia. In: The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol. 3: Ecology, culturing and use
in aquaculture. edited by G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloss, O. Reels and E. Jaspers,
Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium.
Rosamma Stephen and T.S.S.Rao, 1980. Distribution of bathypelagic family Arielethidae
(Copepoda, Calanoida) in the upper 200 m in the Indian Ocean. Jour.
Plankton Res., 2: 239-247.
Santhakumari, V. and U. K. Gopalan, 1980. The protozoan associates of some
crustaceans. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 125-131.
Saraswathy, M. and J.M. Bradford, 1980. Integumental structures of the antennule of
the copepod Gaussia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater, 14:79-82.
Saraladevi, K. and T. S. S. Rao, 1980. Genus Haloptilus (Copepoda: Calanoida)
from the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr., 13: 67-70.
Selvakumar, R.A. V. R. Nair and M. Madhupratap, 1980. Seasonal variations in the
secondary production of the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine system of Goa. Indian
J. mar. Sci., 9: 7-9.
Sen Gupta, R., S. Z. Qasim, S.P. Fondekar and R. S. Topgi, 1980. Dissolved petroleum
hydrocarbons in some regions of the northern Indian Ocean. Mar. Poll.
Bull., 11: 65-68.
Sen Gupta, R., S.P. Fondekar, T.W. Kureishy, S.Y.S. Singbal and S.Sanzgiry, 1980.
Pollution studies in the Arabian Sea. Proc. International Symp. on Environmental
Pollution and Toxicology, edited by D. S. Gupta and S. P. Roy Choudhury,
Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 67-82.
Sen Gupta, R., A. Braganca, R.J. Noronha and S.Y.S. Singbal, 1980. Chemical oceanography
of the Arabian Sea—Part V:Hydrochemical characteristics of the
central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 240-245.
Setty, M.G.A.P., 1980. Foraminiferal constituents in marine sediments—a parameter
in some coastal engineering problems. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,
13: 111-315-
Setty, M.G.A.P. and R. Nigam, 1980. Microenvironmental and anomalous benthic
foraminiferal distribution within the neritic regime of the Dabhol-Vengurla sector
(Arabian Sea). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 36: 1037-1048.
Setty, M. G. A. P. and R. Nigam, 1980. Excentricity and twining in Virguinella pertusa
(Reuss). Rivista Espanol de Micropaleontologia, 12: 202-204.
127

Setty, M.G.A.P., R. Williams and K.R. Kerry, 1980. Foraminifera from the Deep
Lake Terraces. Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Jour.Foraminiferal Res., 10: 303-312.
Shanta Nair and Loka Bharathi, 1980. Heterotrophic bacterial population in tropical
sandy beaches. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 261-267.
Siddiquie. H. N., 1980. The ages of the storm beaches of the Lakshadweep (Laccadives).
Marine Geology, 38: 11-20.
Siddiquie, H.N., D.Gopala Rao, M. Veerayya and B.G.Wagle, 1980. Acoustic masking
due to gases in shallow seismic profiling on the shelf off Bombay. Indian
J. mar. Sci., 9:51-54.
Solimabi, L. Fernandes, S.Y. Kamat and S. K. Paknikar. 1980. New diterpenoids of the
seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum—structure of Stoechospermol. Tetrahedron
letters, 21: 2249.
Solimabi, B. Das, S. Y. Kamat, L. Fernandes and C. V. G. Reddy, 1980. Seasonal
changes in carrageenan and other biochemical constituents of Hypnea musciformis-
Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 134-136.
Solimabi, S.Y.Kamat, C.V.G. Reddy, V.R.Naik, N.V. Agshikar and G.J.S. Abraham,
1980. Comparison of carrageenan from Hypnea imisciformis wulfen with other
carrageenans. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 18: 649-650.
Somayajulu, Y.K, L.V.G. Rao and V.V.R. Varadachari, 1980. Small scale features
of sound velocity structure in the northern Arabian Sea during February-May,
1974. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 141-147.
Sumitra Vijayaraghavan. V. Ramadhas. L. Krishna Kumari and J. P. Royan. 1980.
Biochemical changes and energy content of the mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata
leaves during decomposition. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 120-123.
Sumitra Vijayaraghavan and V. Ramadhas. 1980. Conversion efficiency in the shrimp
Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) fed on decomposed mangrove leaves. Indian
J. mar. Sci., 9: 123-125.
Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, M. D. Rajagopal and M. V. M. Wafar, 1980. Seasonal variation
in biochemical composition of seaweeds from Goa coast. Indian J. mar. Sci.,
9: 61-63.
Swamy, G.N., V.M. Kolhatkar and A.A. Fernandes, 1980. Currents and siltation at
Dharamtar Creek, Bombay. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 191-203.
Untawale, A.G., V.V.Agadi and V.K. Dhargalkar. 1980. Occurrence of Monostroma
(Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). Mahasagar—Bull. natn.
Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 179-181.
Untawale, A.G., T. G. Jagtap and V.K. Dhargalkar. 1980. Dichotomosiphon salina sp.
Nov.—A new marine algal form, Goa estuary, India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn.
Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 73-76.
Untawale, A.G., Sayeeda Wafar and N. B. Bhosle, 1980. Seasonal variation in the
heavy metal concentration of mangrove foliage. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr., 13:215-223.
Varkey, M. J., 1980. Power spectra of currents off Bombay. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9:
278-280.
128

Varma, K.K., V. Kesava Das and A. D. Gouveia, 1980. Thermohaline structure and
water masses in the northern Arabian Sea during February-April. Indian J. mar.
Sci. 9: 148-155.
Verlencar, X. N., 1980. Distribution of area in the waters of the west coast of India-
Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 230-233.
Vora, K.H., A. R. Gujar and S. M. Karisiddaiah, 1980. Sandwaves of the Gulf of
Khambhat. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 90-93.
Wafar, M. V. M., M. D. Rajagopal, M. R. Menezes and A. Stirling, 1980. Physicochemical
features and energy input in three sandy beaches of west coast of
India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 25-30.
Wagle, B.G. and G. Victor Rajamanickam. 1980. A petrographic study of Precambrian
quartzites from Goa coast. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 9-21.
Zingde. M.D., M.M. Sabnis, A.V. Mandalia and B.N.Desai. 1980. Effects of Industrial
waste disposal on the water quality of the river Kolak. Mahasagar—Bull.
natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,13: 99-110.
Zingde. M.D., P. V.Narvekar. R.V. Sarma and B.N. Desai. 1980. Water quality of the
river Damanganga (Gujarat). Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 94-99.
Zingde, M. D. and B.N. Desai, 1980. Waste water discharge and its effects on the
quality of water of Mahim Creek and Bay. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr., 13: 205-213-
12.2 Popular Articles and Book Reviews
Abidi, S.A.H. 1980. Utilisation of creek areas for coastal aquaculture. The Daily
Telegram, January 28, 1980.
Abidi. S.A.H., 1980. Grameen Vikas Aur Machhli Udhyog. Kheti ICAR Monthly
Bulletin (Hindi), April, 1980.
Abidi, S.A.H. 1980. Rashtra Ka Samudra Par Adhikar Evam Uski Seemayyain. Dweep
Prabha Publications (Hindi), January/March, 1980.
Abidi, S.A.H., 1980. Samudra Garbha Men Khanij Sampatti. Navneet Bombay (Hindi),
May, 1980.
Bhargava, R.M.S. 1980. Coasts and estuaries· James Ferguson Lees and Bruce
Compbell Eds., Holder and Stoughton Ltd., London, 1979 (Book Review).
Mahasagar-Bull natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13(1). 81-82.
Das. P.K. and S.Z.Qasim, 1980. Advances in Oceanography. H. Carnak and G. Deacon
(Eds), Plenum Press, N.Y.1978 (Book Review)· Jour. Scientific and lndu. Res.,
39(4).
Gopinathan, C. K., 1980. Energy—New ocean resources. Science Reporter, 17.
Kesava Das, V., 1980. Satellites for remote sensing of the oceans. Science Reporter, 17 (7).
Kasava Das. V., 1980. Harnessing the ocean heat. Science Reporter, 17(11).
Kesava Das, V., 1980. Power from the oceans. The Sunday Navhind Times Daily
November 23, 1980·
Kesava Das, V., 1980. Energy from the ocean. Physics News, December, 1980.
129

Madhupratap, M., 1980. Progresss in oceanography. Martin V. Angel and James O
Brien (Eds). Pergamon Press. Oxford, 1979 (Book Review). Mahasagar-Bull.
natn. lnst. Oceanogr. 13(3): 293.
Murty, C. S., 1980. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. G. L. Pichard Ed., Pergamon
Press, 1970 (Book Review). Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13(3).
Nair, S.R.S. 1980. Are oceans our last frontier? The West Coast Times Daily, Goa.
October 23, 1980·
Nayak, M. R. 1980. Micro-computers selection factors. Electronic Engineer, 32-48-
Pant, A., 1980. A profile study. Hindustan Times, Sunday Edition, August, 1980.
Qasim, S. Z. 1980. Endless energy form the sea. Science Today, 14(9): 17-23-
Qasim, S. Z., 1980. Ocean, the saviour of civilization. In: Souvenir of Institution of Engineers
{India). Diamond Jubilee Number, 104-108.
Qasim, S. Z. and R. M. S. Bhargava, 1980. Developments in deep-sea biology. N. B.
Marshall, Blandford Press. Dorset (Book Review). Mahasagar-Bull. natn. Inst.
Oceanogr. 13(4): 385-386.
Santhakumari, V., 1980. Whales. Kuttikalude Deepika, 23 (3): 16-18.
Santhakumari. V., 1980. Coral reefs—the wonderful garden in the sea. Balarama,
Magazine for Youth, 9(9): 61-63.
Santhakumari, V., 1980. Coconut crab or robber crab. Kuttikalude Deepita.
Santhakumari, V., 1980. Rocky shore. Sastragathy (Science Magazine). 14(8): 333-334.
Siddiquie H. N., 1980. Growth conditions of manganese nodules-comparative studies
of growth rale magnetization, chemical composition and internal structure by
Dictrich Hoye. In: Progress in Oceanography, edited by Mary Swallow (Review).
J. Geol. Soc. India, 21: 421.
Unnithan. R. V. 1980. If there is no pollution. Deshabhimani (Weekend Daily) Cochin,
13(3): 3-4.
Unnithan, R. V. 1980. Cochin University. Aim and Implementation. Deshabhimani,
(Weekend Daily), 13(34): 4.
Unnithan. R.V.. 1980. Cochin University should have a dynamic leadership. Deshabhimani
(Weekend Daily), Cochin. 13(35) : 4.
Unnithan, R.V., 1980. Law of the sea. Deshabhimani Onam Special, 203-211 ·
Venugopal, P., K. N. Remani, K. Sarala Devi and R.V. Unnithan, 1980. Fish kill
in Chitrapuzha. Seafood Export Journal, 12:17-20.
Verlencar, X.N., 1980. Importance of quality chemical in testing water for bioassay
studies in marine environments. Water Chemists Forum (Glaxo Laboratories
India Ltd).
Parulekar, A. H. 1980. Culture of bivalve molluscs: 50 years experience at Conwy.
P. R. Walne (Ed.), Fishing News Book Ltd. Furnham, Surrey, England (Book
Review). Mahasagar-Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 13(4): 387.
130

12.3 Technical Reports
Current trends in store procedure and evaluation.
The Andaman Sea.
Evaluation of chemical dispersants for their suitability to Indian conditions.
Status report of MAPMOPP of IGOSS for the Indian Ocean region.
Nautical and physical oceanographic observations off the drilling rig Chancellors
Ville in the Mahanadi basin.
Wave energy oscillator-Α concept in shore protection and coastal engineering.
Ocean wave statistics.
MBT data report of Monex-79 Cruises I-VI of R. V. Gaveshani·
Hydrographic data report (from Nansen Casts) of Monex-79 Cruises of R. V. Gaveshani.
Environmental data report of Monex-79 Cruises of R.V. Gaveshani.
Lateral soil resistance against submarine pipeline stability.
Control of rider data.
Deep water mooring for oceanographic instruments.
Internal report on CTD system (Electronics Commission).
Internal report on wave and tide gauge (Electronics Commission).
Report on Aanderaa Instruments RCM 4 current meters deck unit.
12.4 Sponsored Projects Reports
Current measurements at Dome Structure off Tapti.
A brief summary of the oceanographic and meteorological observations off Cochin
during February and March.
Wave data acquisition at Bombay High using wave Rider Buoy and Analysis.
Reconnaisance survey of Beach erosion at Fisherman's Cove, Covelong, Madras.
Pollution and hydrographic survey of Auranga, Ambika, Purna and Mindola rivers.
Survey of the proposed submarine pipeline routes from Bassein to Gujarat, Phase II·
Seabed surveys on the D & I Structure, Kori Great Bank and on the Tapti Dome Structure.
Postlay survey of the Bombay High to Bombay pipelines.
Survey of the pipeline routes from Direction Bank to Bassein and Murud.
Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys on south Bassein, Bombay.
Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys on the Direction Bank, Bombay.
Survey to measure the distances between the Piers of the Zuari Bridge, Cortalim, Goa·
Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys in Marmugao Harbour, Goa.
Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys in Visakhapatnam outer, inner and fishing
harbours.
131

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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National Institute of Oceanography
Regional Centre
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Visakhapatnam -530 003
REGIONAL CENTRES
Telephones: 33306, 31814; 33384
Grams : OCEANOLOGY
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