The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...
The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ... The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...
The Makah are in favor of the reintroduction of burning to the Ozette Prairies. Ben Johnson, Jr. (2006), former Chairman of the Makah Tribal Council, addressed this action in his comments on the Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement for Olympic National Park: Cultural landscape definitions seem to exclude prehistoric landscape features. Prehistoric features such as the Ozette prairies are being lost due to the conflict with wilderness designation and management. These prairies are important cultural resources as they provide a source of medicinal plants. Limitations on fire use prevent the long-term maintenance of these cultural landscapes. The restoration of coastal wetlands in other regions has met with some success. New Lake Fen in coastal Oregon has been burned and the shore pines girdled with encouraging initial results (Christy 2005:16). Richard Hebda (pers. comm. 2009) says: “Our work at Burns Bog is all about doing in the trees. We are raising the water table and increasing the hydroperiod by damming peripheral and internal drainage ditches in order to kill or reduce the growth of pine and encourage growth of Sphagnum. We are still trying to understand the basic processes” (see Howie et al. 2009). The story of the Ozette Prairies and their former indigenous use and management is an important story to be told to park visitors. Conservation biology textbooks that highlight indigenous conservation strategies, for the most part, only use examples from locations other than the United States (Groom et al. 2006). Ecology textbooks that discuss cooperative relationships in nature between humans and plants and/or other animals such as mutualism, feature domestication as the main embodiment of that interaction (Townsend et al. 2008). The Ozette Prairies are an example of places where rich biodiversity, beauty, and human use all co-existed for centuries or millennia. The Ozette people belonged to the Ozette Prairies, and so even now, more than 100 years after the establishment of the Ozette and Makah Reservations, the wetlands can help us understand how it is possible for humans to fit within nature. 63
References Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Washington, D.C., Island Press. ________. 1994. An analysis of catastrophic forest disturbance on the Olympic Peninsula. Unpublished report prepared for Rayonier Inc. Hoquiam, Washington. Agee, J.K. and M.H. Huff. 1987. Fuel succession in a western hemlock/Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:697-704. Alcorn, R.L. 1977. Pioneers settle at Lake Ozette in 1895:Tacoman, then Girl, recalls early days. December. The Tacoma News Tribune and Sunday Ledger. Alden, P., A. Gregoret, R. Keen, D. Mathews, E.A. Oches, D. Paulson, R. Sundstrom, and W.B. Zomlefer. 1998. National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Anderson, M.K. 1996. Tending the wilderness. Restoration and Management Notes 14(2):154-66. ____________. 2002-2007. Unpublished field notes and transcripts in the author’s possession. ____________. 2005. Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources. University of California Press, Berkeley. Andrade, M.J. n.d. Quileute ethnology notes. American Philosphical Society Library, Philadelphia. Anonymous 1932. Ahlstrom’s pioneer home on Cape Alaya [sic] most western in continental U.S.; Keller is most western postmaster. July 28. The Tacoma News Tribune. Anonymous, 1953. Prairies kept cleared by Indians. Port Angeles Evening News November 28. Atwater, B.F. et al. 2005. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. in association with University of Washington Press, Seattle. Bach, A. and D. Conca. 2001. Soil Influences on the Existence of the Ozette Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s Prairies, Olympic National Park, Washington. Report to Olympic National Park. ___________________. 2004. Draft Report: Natural History of the Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s Prairies, Olympic National Park, Washington. Bertelson, E.B. 1948. The man farthest west in continental U.S. The Seattle Times. Sunday August 8. Magazine Section. Black, S.H., C. Mazzacano, and L. Lauvray. 2009. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Forest Service: Mardon Skipper Survey of Coon Mountain Burn Site Late May and Early June 2009. Blinman, E. 1980. Stratigraphy and depositional environment. Pages 64-68 In Hoko River: A 2,500 Year Old Fishing Camp on the Northwest Coast of North America. D.R. Croes and E. Blinman (eds.). Laboratory of Anthropology Reports of Investigations 58, Hoko River Archaeological Project Contributions 1, Washington State University, Pullman. Bowcutt, F. 2007. Unpublished Botanical Field Notes of Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s Prairies. Boyd, R. 1990. Demographic History, 1774-1874. Pages 135-148 In: Handbook of North American Indians 64
- Page 21 and 22: to the sea to the north of Cape Ala
- Page 23 and 24: 1928, notes that “tuberculosis an
- Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Timeline for Major Events
- Page 27 and 28: a significant part of the Makah’s
- Page 29 and 30: oxes, spoons, and bowls. Mature con
- Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. T.T. Waterman map. #22 a
- Page 33 and 34: It is possible that the Ozettes vis
- Page 35 and 36: in the wet areas, and salal berries
- Page 37 and 38: Species Uses Plant Part Location Be
- Page 39 and 40: Species Uses Plant Part Location Ti
- Page 41 and 42: 32 were small, but they were in abu
- Page 43 and 44: I still gather them [the leaves] ev
- Page 45 and 46: The Makah harvested the leaves of c
- Page 47 and 48: Born on February 2, 1926, eighty-th
- Page 49 and 50: She arrived early enough on the Mak
- Page 51 and 52: Prairie was not surveyed (see Table
- Page 53 and 54: 44 Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map. Townsh
- Page 55 and 56: Figure 37. Bracken fern (Pteridium
- Page 57 and 58: 48 the [Ozette] prairies. They woul
- Page 59 and 60: Enhance productivity of above-groun
- Page 61 and 62: We do have some evidence that the O
- Page 63 and 64: happened “yearly or whenever it w
- Page 65 and 66: such as parent material, land form,
- Page 67 and 68: to advance onto the Ozette Prairies
- Page 69 and 70: near Ozette; their meat and oil are
- Page 71: support their existing flora or par
- Page 75 and 76: Croes, D.R. and E. Blinman. 1980. H
- Page 77 and 78: Howie, S.A., P.H. Whitfield, R.J. H
- Page 79 and 80: expanded by G. Peterson and G. Pete
- Page 81 and 82: Vanderhoof, M. 1960. Death of pione
- Page 83 and 84: num hummocks dominated by Empretum
- Page 85 and 86: Linda Kunze’s Survey of Sand Poin
- Page 87 and 88: Appendix 3 Evidence of Indian Burni
- Page 89 and 90: Appendix 4 Evidence of Indian Burni
- Page 91 and 92: Appendix 5 Evidence of Indian Burni
- Page 93 and 94: ear, and elk that graze in there. T
- Page 95 and 96: the spiritual world of the prairies
- Page 97 and 98: Prairie Animal Resources. The prair
- Page 99 and 100: Ram Singh discussed the importance
- Page 101 and 102: long by ½” thick. It was found o
- Page 103 and 104: Ha’hiba, Trees common around the
- Page 105 and 106: Vine maple (t’apsiyoqwpat, “spl
- Page 107 and 108: proof), and the stalks were used in
- Page 109 and 110: Mint (k’i’ilt’adapat, “cool
- Page 111 and 112: THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF QUILEUTE
- Page 113 and 114: property (with the exception of bea
- Page 115 and 116: which can be used without permissio
- Page 117 and 118: that spirits were just as natural a
- Page 119 and 120: ture Spirit, T’siq’ati) rewarde
- Page 121 and 122: to the sky and tried to obtain the
References<br />
Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ecology <strong>of</strong> Pacific Northwest Forests. Washington, D.C., Island Press.<br />
________. 1994. An analysis <strong>of</strong> catastrophic forest disturbance on the <strong>Olympic</strong> Peninsula. Unpublished<br />
report prepared for Rayonier Inc. Hoquiam, Washington.<br />
Agee, J.K. and M.H. Huff. 1987. Fuel succession in a western hemlock/Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal<br />
<strong>of</strong> Forest Research 17:697-704.<br />
Alcorn, R.L. 1977. Pioneers settle at Lake <strong>Ozette</strong> in 1895:Tacoman, then Girl, recalls early days. December.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Tacoma News Tribune and Sunday Ledger.<br />
Alden, P., A. Gregoret, R. Keen, D. Mathews, E.A. Oches, D. Paulson, R. Sundstrom, and W.B. Zomlefer.<br />
1998. <strong>National</strong> Audubon Society Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.<br />
Anderson, M.K. 1996. Tending the wilderness. Restoration and Management Notes 14(2):154-66.<br />
____________. 2002-2007. Unpublished field notes and transcripts in the author’s possession.<br />
____________. 2005. Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management <strong>of</strong> California’s<br />
<strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Resources</strong>. University <strong>of</strong> California Press, Berkeley.<br />
Andrade, M.J. n.d. Quileute ethnology notes. American Philosphical Society Library, Philadelphia.<br />
Anonymous 1932. Ahlstrom’s pioneer home on Cape Alaya [sic] most western in continental U.S.; Keller<br />
is most western postmaster. July 28. <strong>The</strong> Tacoma News Tribune.<br />
Anonymous, 1953. <strong>Prairies</strong> kept cleared by Indians. Port Angeles Evening News November 28.<br />
Atwater, B.F. et al. 2005. <strong>The</strong> Orphan Tsunami <strong>of</strong> 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North<br />
America. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. in association with University <strong>of</strong> Washington Press, Seattle.<br />
Bach, A. and D. Conca. 2001. Soil Influences on the Existence <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Ozette</strong> Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s <strong>Prairies</strong>,<br />
<strong>Olympic</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, Washington. Report to <strong>Olympic</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
___________________. 2004. Draft Report: <strong>Natural</strong> History <strong>of</strong> the Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s <strong>Prairies</strong>, <strong>Olympic</strong><br />
<strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, Washington.<br />
Bertelson, E.B. 1948. <strong>The</strong> man farthest west in continental U.S. <strong>The</strong> Seattle Times. Sunday August 8. Magazine<br />
Section.<br />
Black, S.H., C. Mazzacano, and L. Lauvray. 2009. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S.<br />
Forest Service: Mardon Skipper Survey <strong>of</strong> Coon Mountain Burn Site Late May and Early June 2009.<br />
Blinman, E. 1980. Stratigraphy and depositional environment. Pages 64-68 In Hoko River: A 2,500 Year<br />
Old Fishing Camp on the Northwest Coast <strong>of</strong> North America. D.R. Croes and E. Blinman (eds.). Laboratory<br />
<strong>of</strong> Anthropology Reports <strong>of</strong> Investigations 58, Hoko River Archaeological Project Contributions 1,<br />
Washington State University, Pullman.<br />
Bowcutt, F. 2007. Unpublished Botanical Field Notes <strong>of</strong> Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s <strong>Prairies</strong>.<br />
Boyd, R. 1990. Demographic History, 1774-1874. Pages 135-148 In: Handbook <strong>of</strong> North American Indians<br />
64
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