The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...
The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ... The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...
Figure 13. Ahlstrom’s homestead from the article “Here’s a man who went West just as far as he could go”, which appeared in the Seattle Times, Sunday, July 25, 1954. According to Emil Person, “This photo was taken from the east side of the prairie looking West. Another trail ran on the ocean side through the woods. It started from where Pete Roose’s mill, root house, and another little building were. It dropped down into a little flat there. It came out at Ahlstrom’s house. I don’t think I could find it again, it’s all grown over” (pers. comm. 2007). how the wetlands might be different today had Roose and Ahlstrom not settled there. Because Ozette use of the wetlands ended by the early 1900s, we lack a complete historical or eth- nographic record of how these people interacted with the wetlands. More than one hundred years after their relocation, descendants of the last Ozettes still remember the importance of the Ozette Prairies to their people. They recall some of the plants their elders gathered on the Ozette Prairies (see Table 4), the animals their elders hunted there, and some of the efforts the people undertook to keep the Ts’oo-yuhs wetlands on the Makah Reservation productive (see Appendix 5). The Makah called themselves Qwidicca-atx, meaning “people who live on the cape by the rocks and seagulls.” James Swan wrote that their remote territory was “almost out of the world,” but to the Makah, of course, this land was, and still is the center of the world (Swan 1971; Erikson et al. 2002). The name Makah is itself from a Klallam word that means “generous with food” (Pascua 1991:40), which suggests that the Makah territory had a bountiful supply of edible plants and animals. One reason for the Makah’s plenitude was that they were able to exploit the rich resources of both land and sea (see Figure 14). Through much of the year, they focused on the ocean. California gray 15
Table 1. Timeline for Major Events Affecting the Ozette Prairies Settlement and Relocation Date Reference Permanent occupation of the Ozette Village 2000 B.P. (Samuels and Daugherty 1991:11) Ozette Indian Reservation established by the federal government M.J. Boyle (an Indian) is living on what will become Ahlstrom’s Prairie The federal government begins requiring the Ozette people to send their children to school and they begin to move to other reservations Lars Ahlstrom moves to Ahlstrom’s Prairie and lives in an Ozette Indian hut whales were hunted in spring and summer and provided a large amount of the village’s food, as well as sinew for bowstrings and bones for war clubs (Swan 1964; Pascua 1991:40). Hair seals and northern fur seals were hunted for their meat and oil (Swan 1964; Samuels 1994:87). Women dug clams with yew sticks at ebb tide, pried mussels and barnacles loose with tools made of whale ribs, and collected many other kinds of invertebrates—including shrimp, chitons, crabs, rock oysters, scallops, razor and butter clams, sea cucumbers, china slippers, and abalone—from tidepools and mudflats (Singh 1966:233). Halibut, silver salmon, king salmon, sockeye salmon, lingcod, and perch were also important components of the Makah diet (Huelsbeck and Wessen 1994; Pascua 1991; Singh 1966:15-19), and depending on the species and the season, fishing might occur in the ocean, on the Ozette River, or on Ozette Lake. The Makah constructed enclosures of rocks to trap perch for food in the ocean in front of the Ozette Village (Waterman 1920). Despite their distinct orientation to the sea, the Makah—and the Ozette in particular—certainly did not ignore the land as a source of food and other resources. Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), and black bears (Ursus americanus altifrontalis) were hunted for their meat and hides, although as a percentage of the meat diet these terrestrial mammals were less important than sea mammals and fish (Swan 1964:24; Singh 1966; Samuels 1994). Plants, too, were 16 1893 (Wray 1997) 1895 (GLO 1895 Survey for T31NR16W) 1896 (Wray 1997) 1902 (Bertelson 1948) Pete Roose settles on Roose’s Prairie 1907 (Magnusson 2000:33) Ozette Indian Reservation has two people 1932 (Wray 1997)
- Page 1 and 2: The Ozette Prairies of Olympic Nati
- Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents List of Figures .
- Page 5 and 6: Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map highlighti
- Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments The conception for
- Page 9 and 10: many obscure references. Many other
- Page 11 and 12: Figure 1. View of Ahlstrom’s Prai
- Page 13 and 14: Until recently, we were limited by
- Page 15 and 16: zones between forest and prairie).
- Page 17 and 18: The drier east-facing slopes have c
- Page 19 and 20: e important nesting sites for some
- Page 21 and 22: to the sea to the north of Cape Ala
- Page 23: 1928, notes that “tuberculosis an
- Page 27 and 28: a significant part of the Makah’s
- Page 29 and 30: oxes, spoons, and bowls. Mature con
- Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. T.T. Waterman map. #22 a
- Page 33 and 34: It is possible that the Ozettes vis
- Page 35 and 36: in the wet areas, and salal berries
- Page 37 and 38: Species Uses Plant Part Location Be
- Page 39 and 40: Species Uses Plant Part Location Ti
- Page 41 and 42: 32 were small, but they were in abu
- Page 43 and 44: I still gather them [the leaves] ev
- Page 45 and 46: The Makah harvested the leaves of c
- Page 47 and 48: Born on February 2, 1926, eighty-th
- Page 49 and 50: She arrived early enough on the Mak
- Page 51 and 52: Prairie was not surveyed (see Table
- Page 53 and 54: 44 Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map. Townsh
- Page 55 and 56: Figure 37. Bracken fern (Pteridium
- Page 57 and 58: 48 the [Ozette] prairies. They woul
- Page 59 and 60: Enhance productivity of above-groun
- Page 61 and 62: We do have some evidence that the O
- Page 63 and 64: happened “yearly or whenever it w
- Page 65 and 66: such as parent material, land form,
- Page 67 and 68: to advance onto the Ozette Prairies
- Page 69 and 70: near Ozette; their meat and oil are
- Page 71 and 72: support their existing flora or par
- Page 73 and 74: References Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ec
Table 1. Timeline for Major Events Affecting the <strong>Ozette</strong> <strong>Prairies</strong><br />
Settlement and Relocation Date Reference<br />
Permanent occupation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Ozette</strong> Village 2000 B.P. (Samuels and Daugherty 1991:11)<br />
<strong>Ozette</strong> Indian Reservation established by<br />
the federal government<br />
M.J. Boyle (an Indian) is living on what will<br />
become Ahlstrom’s Prairie<br />
<strong>The</strong> federal government begins requiring<br />
the <strong>Ozette</strong> people to send their children<br />
to school and they begin to move to other<br />
reservations<br />
Lars Ahlstrom moves to Ahlstrom’s Prairie<br />
and lives in an <strong>Ozette</strong> Indian hut<br />
whales were hunted in spring and summer and provided a large amount <strong>of</strong> the village’s food, as well as<br />
sinew for bowstrings and bones for war clubs (Swan 1964; Pascua 1991:40). Hair seals and northern fur<br />
seals were hunted for their meat and oil (Swan 1964; Samuels 1994:87). Women dug clams with yew sticks<br />
at ebb tide, pried mussels and barnacles loose with tools made <strong>of</strong> whale ribs, and collected many other<br />
kinds <strong>of</strong> invertebrates—including shrimp, chitons, crabs, rock oysters, scallops, razor and butter clams,<br />
sea cucumbers, china slippers, and abalone—from tidepools and mudflats (Singh 1966:233). Halibut,<br />
silver salmon, king salmon, sockeye salmon, lingcod, and perch were also important components <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Makah diet (Huelsbeck and Wessen 1994; Pascua 1991; Singh 1966:15-19), and depending on the species<br />
and the season, fishing might occur in the ocean, on the <strong>Ozette</strong> River, or on <strong>Ozette</strong> Lake. <strong>The</strong> Makah constructed<br />
enclosures <strong>of</strong> rocks to trap perch for food in the ocean in front <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Ozette</strong> Village (Waterman<br />
1920).<br />
Despite their distinct orientation to the sea, the Makah—and the <strong>Ozette</strong> in particular—certainly<br />
did not ignore the land as a source <strong>of</strong> food and other resources. Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti),<br />
black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), and black bears (Ursus americanus altifrontalis) were<br />
hunted for their meat and hides, although as a percentage <strong>of</strong> the meat diet these terrestrial mammals were<br />
less important than sea mammals and fish (Swan 1964:24; Singh 1966; Samuels 1994). Plants, too, were<br />
16<br />
1893 (Wray 1997)<br />
1895 (GLO 1895 Survey for T31NR16W)<br />
1896 (Wray 1997)<br />
1902 (Bertelson 1948)<br />
Pete Roose settles on Roose’s Prairie 1907 (Magnusson 2000:33)<br />
<strong>Ozette</strong> Indian Reservation has two people 1932 (Wray 1997)
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