The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...

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this the bulbs are piled and over all wet leaves are spread to the thickness of, say, seven inches. Then over all, clay, earth or sand is heaped. Just before completing the covering over with earth, a quantity of water is poured on the cooking product and then when the covering is completed a small hole is left through the dirt-layer for the escape of steam. The cooking is then permitted to continue for about twenty-four hours. The product is removed through a hole dug through the top of the pit. The earth mound is left and the shifting sand fills up the hole from which the baked articles have been taken. The mound is then complete, a puzzle for future archaeologists (clams and fruits were also prepared by the oven process). Oven mounds are scattered throughout the region and northward to the Fraser River country. The Indians have many myths about the camas plant, but space will not permit relating them here. [p. 61] Red Alder. In the old times the Indians placed the canoes of the dead, canoes containing corpses, up in alder trees among the leafy branches, where they tied them securely with spruce-root ropes. The writer saw several such “burials.” The Indians seemed to prefer the alder to other trees for such interment. [p. 64] Crabapple (and various prairie berries). Indian name for crabapple: tse-yo-yo’k-ke-day-put (“put” equals shrub [actually ‘plant’]). Common from the head of the Hoh River, especially along it western branch, to the coast. At LaPush it grows in a semiswampy region to the east of the old Wesley Smith schoolhouse site. There are also several patches of the species growing at Quillayute prairie, the largest covering about two acres, two miles east of the Quillayute post office. The Indians eat the fruit of this plant, except currants and gooseberries it is almost the only sour thing which the writer knows they eat. They also use the bark of its roots as medicine, the bark of its limbs and trunk also sometimes being used. Crabapple tea is also given as a remedy for gonorrhea. [p. 69] (Elderberry use and preservation techniques) Reagan, Albert B. [1934b] Some Notes on the Hypnotic Ceremonies of Indians. Utah Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters. Vol. XI, pp. 65-71. [p. 66-7] Prairies in the Quileute underworld. The West Coast Indians have three kinds of doctors, prin- cipal among whom is the witch-hypnotic type, commonly known as tomanawis doctor....At one of the medicine ceremonies which the writer attended, the old medicine man, on coming out of the trance, gave an account of his journey after the fleeing soul to his credulous listeners, as follows: “I followed the soul on its journey to the land of after-breath-has-left-the-body; the spirit of a person looks just like a person, only very small. The road we were on was crooked and stony. The raspberry bushes were only about six 143
inches high and the berries and crowberries were also very small, as were the strawberries along the way; and the ferns of the prairie were only two fingers high. I saw many people gathering berries and fern roots, the latter to be made into bread. These people were not a finger-length high.” At another time another medicine man, who was doctoring a patient that recovered, gave an account of his journey to those present, on coming out of the trance, as follows: “I passed over the river of the dead to its other side. The people I saw there were large, strong and happy, and the trees were all large. The berries were larger than I ever saw here, and all the bushes were heavily loaded with fruit. There were also plenty of game in the prairies and fern roots for bread; and there were feasts and dances every day in that happy land.” Pettitt, George A. [1950] The Quileute of La Push, 1775-1945. Anthropological Records, Vol. 14:1, George Pettitt spent World War II in LaPush in the Coast Guard. After the war, he attended the University of California at Los Angeles and went back to the Quileute to gather information for this community history. As far as the Quileute recall, he never returned to LaPush after finishing his fieldwork among them. His dissertation was, essentially, a community history and sociological study of Quileute acculturation. Unexplainably, he neither mentions the importance of prairie resources in tribal pre-contact economics, nor does he mention the reasons for their decline in maintenance and usage. [p. 1] Quileute Territory Their territory, starting some thirty miles south of cape Flattery, extends approximately thirty miles south along the Pacific coast and thirty miles inland. Except for a few meadows and prairies of limited size along the rivers, the country is rough and mountainous and covered by a dense tangle of trees and brush… The brush, particularly along the edges of prairies, stream, and roads, contains a high percentage of wild berries, black, elder, salal, salmon, thimble, etc. [p. 28] Conflicts with Whites. There was some friction as land was homesteaded and the Indians found it expedient to move out of the back country and congregate at the mouths of the rivers, but it never came to a dangerous break because very little of the homesteaded land could be cleared and cultivated—it was held for the timber on it and could still be used for hunting, and hunting land animals was a minor part of Quileute food economy in any case. [earlier] Morton Penn recalls that when his family moved from its upper river home to LaPush, the farmer on whose land they found themselves was loath to have them move and several times invited them to move back. Because the prairie areas were not completely settled, there were still areas available for foraging, and quickly the Quileute appetite for traditional roots was replaced with potatoes and other root vegetables traded or received in payment for work on farms, or increasingly grown in the Quileutes’ own garden plots. 144
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The Ozette Prairies of Olympic Nati
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map highlighti
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Acknowledgments The conception for
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many obscure references. Many other
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Figure 1. View of Ahlstrom’s Prai
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Until recently, we were limited by
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zones between forest and prairie).
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The drier east-facing slopes have c
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e important nesting sites for some
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to the sea to the north of Cape Ala
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1928, notes that “tuberculosis an
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Table 1. Timeline for Major Events
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a significant part of the Makah’s
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oxes, spoons, and bowls. Mature con
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Figure 16. T.T. Waterman map. #22 a
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It is possible that the Ozettes vis
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in the wet areas, and salal berries
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Species Uses Plant Part Location Be
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Species Uses Plant Part Location Ti
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32 were small, but they were in abu
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I still gather them [the leaves] ev
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The Makah harvested the leaves of c
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Born on February 2, 1926, eighty-th
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She arrived early enough on the Mak
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Prairie was not surveyed (see Table
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44 Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map. Townsh
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Figure 37. Bracken fern (Pteridium
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48 the [Ozette] prairies. They woul
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Enhance productivity of above-groun
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We do have some evidence that the O
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happened “yearly or whenever it w
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such as parent material, land form,
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to advance onto the Ozette Prairies
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near Ozette; their meat and oil are
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support their existing flora or par
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References Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ec
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Croes, D.R. and E. Blinman. 1980. H
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Howie, S.A., P.H. Whitfield, R.J. H
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expanded by G. Peterson and G. Pete
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Vanderhoof, M. 1960. Death of pione
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num hummocks dominated by Empretum
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Linda Kunze’s Survey of Sand Poin
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Appendix 3 Evidence of Indian Burni
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ear, and elk that graze in there. T
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the spiritual world of the prairies
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Prairie Animal Resources. The prair
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Ram Singh discussed the importance
Page 101 and 102: long by ½” thick. It was found o
Page 103 and 104: Ha’hiba, Trees common around the
Page 105 and 106: Vine maple (t’apsiyoqwpat, “spl
Page 107 and 108: proof), and the stalks were used in
Page 109 and 110: Mint (k’i’ilt’adapat, “cool
Page 111 and 112: THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF QUILEUTE
Page 113 and 114: property (with the exception of bea
Page 115 and 116: which can be used without permissio
Page 117 and 118: that spirits were just as natural a
Page 119 and 120: ture Spirit, T’siq’ati) rewarde
Page 121 and 122: to the sky and tried to obtain the
Page 123 and 124: 2) Each family had a part of a prai
Page 125 and 126: you waste what you are given, you w
Page 127 and 128: he’ll take it away. And not only
Page 129 and 130: (a) Trail maintenance. Keeping up t
Page 131 and 132: some distance. These level places b
Page 133 and 134: you love. Come with me.” The suit
Page 135 and 136: a place in the prairie where severa
Page 137 and 138: a very good but circuitous trail, w
Page 139 and 140: eye the Olympic peninsula with it g
Page 141 and 142: four such rafters only two were use
Page 143 and 144: more poles. Roots dried in this way
Page 145 and 146: lands and to lack of a road from La
Page 147 and 148: [5:33] [There are prairies in the l
Page 149 and 150: een ancient midden heaps. In some p
Page 151: [p. 215] Nettle. Common everywhere
Page 155 and 156: The Indians knew how to kill an elk
Page 157 and 158: with skink cabbage leaves. The Indi
Page 159 and 160: social activities. The year was div
Page 161 and 162: Everybody worked hard. Must’ve be
Page 163 and 164: ing it up until he got it killed an
Page 165 and 166: view identified only as “by Dori,
Page 167: Academy of Sciences. _____ and L.V.
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