The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...

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the Sarah Newton in 1861, and (3) in 1879, when he and Chas. Willoughby met the Quileute chiefs Xawishat’a, Tlakishka, and Taxa’wil at the mouth of the Quillayute River, all of whom signed an affidavit that they had been misled by the treaty negotiators in 1856. Swan describes the location and size of the “cammass” prairie in sufficient detail (7 miles from the mouth of the river, on the north side of the river, and bounded on the south by a steep hill about 100 feet high, about 4 ½ miles long by ¾ mile wide) for us to recognize it as the Quillayute Prairie (Sat’ayaqw). He remarks its openness and the immense ferns. Finally, he notes that there was a well-defined trail that led into the prairie, suggesting that it had considerable thoroughfare. Finally, it is of interest that the chiefs decided, of all places in their territory, to take Swan to the prairie that contained the village’s most accessible camas beds. [Part One] I wrote you, my dear sir, that I purposed a cruise on the coast during the past summer, as far south as Quillehuyt River. I will now give your readers the result of my observation. …..When the tide rose, we pulled the schooner into the river and anchored in ten feet of water near the Indian village. The Indians immediately came on board in great numbers, all friendly and very curious. I perceived among them some of the Quenaiults, old acquaintances, Mackamus, on the chiefs. He soon made me acquainted with Hawelatl, head chief of the Quillehuyts, who invited Capt. Beynon and myself on shore, where he conducted us through the lodges of his village. The following day we passed in trading and on Thursday, August 1st, I made arrangements with Howelatl and Wackamus to accompany me up the river to Cammass Prairie….. QUILLEHUYT RIVER. The Quillehuyte River is a fine little stream, varying from fifty to two hundred yards in width and with a depth of eight to twelve feet of water…. About a mile up from the bend of the river (which looks from the ocean as if it was the real entrance), we came to a rapids extending some 300 feet at the head of which is a lodge and a strong weir for taking salmon…. We proceeded up the stream three-fourths of a mile, when we stopped at the mouth of a small brook and all went ashore to walk, as the current here was two (sic) strong for us to row any further although canoes go miles beyond. The Indians requested me to drink some of the water of this brook, which I did and found it remarkably cool and refreshing, and totally unlike the river water, which is also very pure. After securing the boat, we started off on foot, walking along the river bank for a quarter of a mile, when we came to another fish weir and an Indian lodge. Here we struck of into a trail which led to the CAMMASS PRAIRIE, which lies in a northerly direction through a bottom of alder, willow and vine maple. We passed several patches of potatoes planted by the Indians, and all fenced in. After walking through a bottom for half a mile over 127
a very good but circuitous trail, we came to a creek nearly dry at this season, but evidently a large water course during freshets. We crossed this by means of a fallen tree constructed by the Indians into a rude bridge, and then passed up to a bench of land almost ten feet higher than the alder bottom. This I found to be a fine level piece of land, which was covered with a heavy growth of hemlock…. After passing through the hemlock forest, we came to the foot of a sharp hill 100 feet high. On ascending this, I found the beautiful prairie stretched out before me, level with the top of the ascent, covered with ferns higher than my head, and extending in a northeasterly direction five miles or more in length and from a half to three quarters of a mile wide. Beyond this prairie is a level forest and beyond that the mountains and hills that make the southern boundary of the Strait of Juan de Fuca…. We walked by a trail through the ferns to the center of the prairie, where the ground rises with a gentle elevation…. I have named the prairie Laighton’s prairie in compliment to my friend Joseph E. Laighton, Esq., late treasurer of Jefferson County…. I only remained on the prairie long enough to get the bearings by compass of the various mountain peaks and hills, and at 12 o’clock, noon, I started on my return to the schooner, and reached her at half past three o’clock. I called the distance from the mouth of the river to Laighton’s prairie seven miles. [End of Part One] [Part Two] On leaving the prairie, we retraced our steps over the same trail we came, and having reach the brook where we had left our boat, we partook of a lunch of cold meat and hard bread which we washed down with a draught of the pure cold water of the brook and then started down the river….(describes village, climbs the fortress islet, Alekistet, and names it James’ Island). THE NATIVES ...The Quillehuyt village is at the mouth of the river, on the little bay behind James’ Island. Howeatl, the head chief, is a quiet and very friendly Indian, and was of great service to the whites at the time of the wreck of the Southerner. After the passengers had left, a party sent to take charge of the mails…..remained several weeks and were treated with the greatest kindness and hospitality. Since that time, there have not (been) more than two or three white men passed that way. Ours was certainly the first trading vessel ever there and the actions of the Indians showed how unaccustomed they were to a stock of goods, but they had but little to trade with and our bargains were soon closed. They evinced their kind feelings on our departure by all coming down to the beach and bidding us good-bye, a procedure that I never saw Indians do before on a like occasion…. James G. Swan [1879]. Documents and notes from a meeting held August 20-1, 1879, in the village at the mouth of the Quillayute River between Chas. Willoughby (U.S. Indian Agent), James G. Swan (interpreter and clerk) and the chiefs and sub-chief of the Quileute. 128
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The Ozette Prairies of Olympic Nati
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 5 and 6:
Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map highlighti
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Acknowledgments The conception for
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many obscure references. Many other
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Figure 1. View of Ahlstrom’s Prai
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Until recently, we were limited by
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zones between forest and prairie).
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The drier east-facing slopes have c
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e important nesting sites for some
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to the sea to the north of Cape Ala
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1928, notes that “tuberculosis an
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Table 1. Timeline for Major Events
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a significant part of the Makah’s
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oxes, spoons, and bowls. Mature con
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Figure 16. T.T. Waterman map. #22 a
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It is possible that the Ozettes vis
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in the wet areas, and salal berries
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Species Uses Plant Part Location Be
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Species Uses Plant Part Location Ti
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32 were small, but they were in abu
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I still gather them [the leaves] ev
Page 45 and 46:
The Makah harvested the leaves of c
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Born on February 2, 1926, eighty-th
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She arrived early enough on the Mak
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Prairie was not surveyed (see Table
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44 Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map. Townsh
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Figure 37. Bracken fern (Pteridium
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48 the [Ozette] prairies. They woul
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Enhance productivity of above-groun
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We do have some evidence that the O
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happened “yearly or whenever it w
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such as parent material, land form,
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to advance onto the Ozette Prairies
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near Ozette; their meat and oil are
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support their existing flora or par
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References Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ec
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Croes, D.R. and E. Blinman. 1980. H
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Howie, S.A., P.H. Whitfield, R.J. H
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expanded by G. Peterson and G. Pete
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Vanderhoof, M. 1960. Death of pione
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num hummocks dominated by Empretum
Page 85 and 86: Linda Kunze’s Survey of Sand Poin
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 3 Evidence of Indian Burni
Page 93 and 94: ear, and elk that graze in there. T
Page 95 and 96: the spiritual world of the prairies
Page 97 and 98: Prairie Animal Resources. The prair
Page 99 and 100: Ram Singh discussed the importance
Page 101 and 102: long by ½” thick. It was found o
Page 103 and 104: Ha’hiba, Trees common around the
Page 105 and 106: Vine maple (t’apsiyoqwpat, “spl
Page 107 and 108: proof), and the stalks were used in
Page 109 and 110: Mint (k’i’ilt’adapat, “cool
Page 111 and 112: THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF QUILEUTE
Page 113 and 114: property (with the exception of bea
Page 115 and 116: which can be used without permissio
Page 117 and 118: that spirits were just as natural a
Page 119 and 120: ture Spirit, T’siq’ati) rewarde
Page 121 and 122: to the sky and tried to obtain the
Page 123 and 124: 2) Each family had a part of a prai
Page 125 and 126: you waste what you are given, you w
Page 127 and 128: he’ll take it away. And not only
Page 129 and 130: (a) Trail maintenance. Keeping up t
Page 131 and 132: some distance. These level places b
Page 133 and 134: you love. Come with me.” The suit
Page 135: a place in the prairie where severa
Page 139 and 140: eye the Olympic peninsula with it g
Page 141 and 142: four such rafters only two were use
Page 143 and 144: more poles. Roots dried in this way
Page 145 and 146: lands and to lack of a road from La
Page 147 and 148: [5:33] [There are prairies in the l
Page 149 and 150: een ancient midden heaps. In some p
Page 151 and 152: [p. 215] Nettle. Common everywhere
Page 153 and 154: inches high and the berries and cro
Page 155 and 156: The Indians knew how to kill an elk
Page 157 and 158: with skink cabbage leaves. The Indi
Page 159 and 160: social activities. The year was div
Page 161 and 162: Everybody worked hard. Must’ve be
Page 163 and 164: ing it up until he got it killed an
Page 165 and 166: view identified only as “by Dori,
Page 167: Academy of Sciences. _____ and L.V.
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