The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park - Natural Resources ...

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Figure 2. Map of Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s Prairies (Also known as the Ozette Prairies). larger loss of open ground: Well, the prairies have grown over so much. Seventy-five percent [of those prairies] [are] all filled in with trees. Pete Roose’s place is practically all grown up [in trees]. And Ahlstrom’s, when you used to first hit that prairie the whole thing was practically all just about bare except maybe for a little tree here and there. Now it’s pretty near grown up so that you can hardly see anything out there. Ahlstrom’s, that area there would probably be a hundred and fifty acres. Pete’s place, the area there was probably eighty or maybe a hundred acres. You see Pete had sheep and that kept the brush down on his place. And the big prairie there at Ahlstrom’s was kept down because the sheep would eat it down as well (Emil Person pers. comm. 2006). Age data determined by tree core dating revealed that trees began encroaching on Roose’s Prai- rie 50 to 100 years ago and on Ahlstrom’s Prairie less than 50 years ago. The establishment dates of the encroaching trees coincide with the end of major disturbance on these wetlands—homesteader influence by way of sheep grazing and burning (Ramsden 2004). This use of the land came to an end when the land became part of Olympic National Park. Tree encroachment has progressed significantly on both areas since that time. Modeling predictions based on air photo analysis suggest that tree encroachment will continue at a rapid rate, covering most of the area within 100 years, at which point the wetlands will have likely become coniferous forest and woodland swamp (Ramsden 2004). 3
Until recently, we were limited by a relative lack of knowledge of former native use and manage- ment of the Ozette Prairies and how these actions may have influenced the shaping and maintenance of these openings. This report is intended to remedy this situation by collecting together for the first time much of the available cultural evidence—through a review of the historical literature and ethnographic interviews. Methods This report begins by outlining the setting: the unique and valuable natural features and biodi- versity of the Ozette Prairies. Scientific names are from the USDA Plants Database (http://plants.usda. gov) developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service National Plant Data Center. It then turns to the indigenous people of the area, describing what is known about how they used the wetlands and then what has been pieced together about how they managed the wetlands with fire. This body of data comes from two lines of evidence (1) oral interviews and (2) the written historical record. Figure 3. Conifer encroachment onto Ahlstrom’s Prairie. #256. Photograph by Fred Sharpe, 2007 4
Page 1 and 2: The Ozette Prairies of Olympic Nati
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 5 and 6: Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map highlighti
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments The conception for
Page 9 and 10: many obscure references. Many other
Page 11: Figure 1. View of Ahlstrom’s Prai
Page 15 and 16: zones between forest and prairie).
Page 17 and 18: The drier east-facing slopes have c
Page 19 and 20: e important nesting sites for some
Page 21 and 22: to the sea to the north of Cape Ala
Page 23 and 24: 1928, notes that “tuberculosis an
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Timeline for Major Events
Page 27 and 28: a significant part of the Makah’s
Page 29 and 30: oxes, spoons, and bowls. Mature con
Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. T.T. Waterman map. #22 a
Page 33 and 34: It is possible that the Ozettes vis
Page 35 and 36: in the wet areas, and salal berries
Page 37 and 38: Species Uses Plant Part Location Be
Page 39 and 40: Species Uses Plant Part Location Ti
Page 41 and 42: 32 were small, but they were in abu
Page 43 and 44: I still gather them [the leaves] ev
Page 45 and 46: The Makah harvested the leaves of c
Page 47 and 48: Born on February 2, 1926, eighty-th
Page 49 and 50: She arrived early enough on the Mak
Page 51 and 52: Prairie was not surveyed (see Table
Page 53 and 54: 44 Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map. Townsh
Page 55 and 56: Figure 37. Bracken fern (Pteridium
Page 57 and 58: 48 the [Ozette] prairies. They woul
Page 59 and 60: Enhance productivity of above-groun
Page 61 and 62: We do have some evidence that the O
Page 63 and 64:
happened “yearly or whenever it w
Page 65 and 66:
such as parent material, land form,
Page 67 and 68:
to advance onto the Ozette Prairies
Page 69 and 70:
near Ozette; their meat and oil are
Page 71 and 72:
support their existing flora or par
Page 73 and 74:
References Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ec
Page 75 and 76:
Croes, D.R. and E. Blinman. 1980. H
Page 77 and 78:
Howie, S.A., P.H. Whitfield, R.J. H
Page 79 and 80:
expanded by G. Peterson and G. Pete
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Vanderhoof, M. 1960. Death of pione
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num hummocks dominated by Empretum
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Linda Kunze’s Survey of Sand Poin
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Appendix 3 Evidence of Indian Burni
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
ear, and elk that graze in there. T
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the spiritual world of the prairies
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Prairie Animal Resources. The prair
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Ram Singh discussed the importance
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long by ½” thick. It was found o
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Ha’hiba, Trees common around the
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Vine maple (t’apsiyoqwpat, “spl
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proof), and the stalks were used in
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Mint (k’i’ilt’adapat, “cool
Page 111 and 112:
THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF QUILEUTE
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property (with the exception of bea
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which can be used without permissio
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that spirits were just as natural a
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ture Spirit, T’siq’ati) rewarde
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to the sky and tried to obtain the
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2) Each family had a part of a prai
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you waste what you are given, you w
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he’ll take it away. And not only
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(a) Trail maintenance. Keeping up t
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some distance. These level places b
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you love. Come with me.” The suit
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a place in the prairie where severa
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a very good but circuitous trail, w
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eye the Olympic peninsula with it g
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four such rafters only two were use
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more poles. Roots dried in this way
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lands and to lack of a road from La
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[5:33] [There are prairies in the l
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een ancient midden heaps. In some p
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[p. 215] Nettle. Common everywhere
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inches high and the berries and cro
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The Indians knew how to kill an elk
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with skink cabbage leaves. The Indi
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social activities. The year was div
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Everybody worked hard. Must’ve be
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ing it up until he got it killed an
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view identified only as “by Dori,
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Academy of Sciences. _____ and L.V.
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