Japan and the Japanese

two words, combined together two and two ;
JAPANESE NAJMES. 561
and in some families the usage
is, that all of the same f.iuiily name should employ in the formation of their
nanori some one of these eighty-two words, specially consecrated to the use
of that f.imily. Thus the principal chiefs of the family of Feike call them-
selves Tadumori, whence all those of the same descent take the word mori
into their nanori. So princes accord to their courtiers, and great persons
to their dependents, the favor of putting the last syllable of the name of the
superior at the commencement of the name of the inferior. 4. Bozu, Doyo,
or Fomio the religious name, assumed (as in European monasteries) on.
shaving the head, withdrawing from the world, and turning bonze. 5. Wokurina,
a name given especially to princes and the great, after death.
Names of this sort given to the Dairi terminate in tenwo or mikado. Those
of the great lords injidono ; those of the inferior lords injengiomon, and those
of princesses mjengioni.
II. Family names are either derived (as commonly in Europe) from some
place of which the lordship is in the family, or from some event. There are
in Japan eighty families or stocks (something, it would seem, like the Scotch
clans), of which four are particularly illustrious, including those of Gher.ji
and Feiji ; and from these eighty stocks all the nobles claim to be descended.
But these family names are not peculiar to people of high rank ; they are
borne by all not of the very lowest class (by all, probably, entitled to the
privilege of wearing two swords). The chief of the family joins the particle
dono immediately to the family name. Thus, the prince of Arima is called
Arimadono ; the prince of Omura, Omuradono. The others write the fam.
ily name first, and after it their personal name, with the particle dono annexed.
The term sama, meaning lord, seems also to be used much in the
same way with the terms of corresponding meaning in the languages of Eu-
rope, only appended to the name instead of being prefixed.
III. Names of office are derived either from the particular province of
which one is the governor, or from one's place in the general administration.
Thus, those princes having the title kawi, add that to their family name with
the intervention of the particle no, as Buygen-no-Kami. Most Japanese dig-
nities being imitated from China, have Chinese as well as Japanese designa-
tions.
The following additional illustration of this curious subject is from Thun-
berg :
" The name of each family and individual is used in Japan in a very dif-
ferent manner from what it is in Europe. The family name of the Japanese
remains unchanged, but is never used in daily conversation or in the ordi-
nary course of life, but only when they sign any writings. There is, likewise,
this singularity in the affair, that the family name is not put after, but
always before, the adscititious name, in like manner as in botany, where the
generic name of a plant always precedes the specific. The adscititious or
adopted name is that by which they are addressed, and this is changed sev
era! times in the course of their lives. As soon as a child is born it receivet