Japan and the Japanese
Japan and the Japanese Japan and the Japanese
CHAPTER XLII. EXPLORATION OF THE NORTHERN JAPANESE SEAS. FIRST RUSSIAN Mission TO JAPAN. PROFESSORSHIP OF JAPANESE AT IRKUTSK. NEW RESTRIC- TIONS ON THE DUTCH. EMBARRASSMENTS GROWING OUT OF THE WAR OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. AMERICAN FLAG AT NAGASAKI. CAPTAIN STEWART. INGENUITY OF A JAPANESE FISHERMAN. HEER DOEFF, DI- RECTOR AT DE3IMA. SUSPICIOUS PROCEEDINGS OF CAPTAIN STEWART. RUSSIAN EMBASSY. KLAPROTIl'8 KNOWLEDGE OF JAPANESE. OOEFF'8 FIRST JOURNEY TO JEDO. DUTCH TRADE IN 184 AND 13 '6. AN AMER- ICAN SHIP AT NAGASAKI. THE BRITISH FRIGATE PHAETON. NO SHIPS FROM BATAVIA. THE DUTCH ON SHORT ALLOWANCE. ENGLISH SHIPS FROM BATAVIA. COMMUNICATION AGAIN SUSPENDED. DUTCH AND JAP- ANESE DICTIONARY. CHILDREN AT THE FACTORY. A. D. \7'J2 1317. TILL comparatively a recent period Europe was very much in the dark as to the geography of north-eastern Asia. Through the explorations and conquests of the Russians, Kamtchatka (long be- fore visited by the Japanese) first became known to Europeans, about the year 1700. The exploration of the Kurile Islands, stretching from the southern point of that peninsula, led the Russians towards Japan. In 1713 the Cossack Kosierewski reached Konashir (the twentieth Kurile, according to the Russian reckoning, beginning from Kamtchatka), close to the north-eastern coast of Jeso, and claimed by the Japanese. In 1730, Spagenburg, a Dane in the Russian service, visited all the southern Kuriles, coasted the island of Jeso, made the land of Nipon, and entered several har- bors on its eastern coa?i. These explorations were renewed by Potonchew, in 1777 ; but it was not till 1787 that La Perouse obtained for Europe the first distinct knowledge of the outline of the Sea of Japan, of the relative situations of Sagaleen and Jeso, And of the strait between them, which still bears his name.
RUSSIAN MISSION THITHER. 445 In 1791, the Argonaut, an English ship employed in the fur trade on the north-west coast of America, made the western coast of Japan, and attempted to trade ; but she was immediately sur- rounded by lines of boats ; all intercourse with the shore was prevented, and she was dismissed with a gratuitous supply of wood and water. In 1795-7, Captain Broughton, in an English explor- ing vessel, coasted the southern and eastern shore of Jeso, sailed among the southern Kuriles, and touched at several places on the southern part of Sagaleen. Besides the natives, he found a few Japanese, who treated him with much attention, but were very anxious for his speedy departure. Japanese officers came from Jeso, expressly to look after him, to restrict his communications and to send him off, with all civility indeed, but as speedily as possible. Previous to Broughton's voyage, Russia had already made a first attempt at a commercial and diplomatic intercourse with Japan. The crew of a Japanese vessel, shipwrecked in the Sea of Okhotsk, had been saved by the Russians, about 1782, and taken to Irkutsk, in Siberia, where they lived for ten years. At length the governor of Siberia was directed, by the empress Catherine II., to send home these Japanese, and with them an envoy, not as from her, but from himself. Lieutenant Laxman, selected for this purpose, sailed from Okhotsk in the autumn of 1792, landed on the northern coast of Jeso, and passed the winter there. The next summer he entered the harbor of Hakodade, on the northern coast of the Strait of Sangar. From that town he travelled by land to the city of Mats- niai, three days' journey to the west, and the chief Japanese settle- ment on the island, the authorities of which, after communicating " That with Jedo, delivered to him a paper to the following effect : although it was ordained by the laws of Japan, that any foreigners should be seized landing anywhere on the coast, except at Nagasaki, and condemned to perpetual imprisonment ; yet, considering the ignorance of the Russians, and their having brought back the shipwrecked Japanese, they might be permitted to depart, on condition of never approaching, under any pretence, anj part of the coast except Nagasaki. As to the Japanese brought back, the government was much obliged to the Russians ; who, however, were at liberty to leave them or take them away again, as they pleased, it 38
- Page 401 and 402: THE DUTCH AT DESIMA. 393 vi)let hue
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CHAPTER XLII.<br />
EXPLORATION OF THE NORTHERN JAPANESE SEAS. FIRST RUSSIAN Mission<br />
TO JAPAN. PROFESSORSHIP OF JAPANESE AT IRKUTSK. NEW RESTRIC-<br />
TIONS ON THE DUTCH. EMBARRASSMENTS GROWING OUT OF THE WAR OF<br />
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. AMERICAN FLAG AT NAGASAKI. CAPTAIN<br />
STEWART. INGENUITY OF A JAPANESE FISHERMAN. HEER DOEFF, DI-<br />
RECTOR AT DE3IMA. SUSPICIOUS PROCEEDINGS OF CAPTAIN STEWART.<br />
RUSSIAN EMBASSY. KLAPROTIl'8 KNOWLEDGE OF JAPANESE. OOEFF'8<br />
FIRST JOURNEY TO JEDO. DUTCH TRADE IN 184 AND 13 '6. AN AMER-<br />
ICAN SHIP AT NAGASAKI. THE BRITISH FRIGATE PHAETON. NO SHIPS<br />
FROM BATAVIA. THE DUTCH ON SHORT ALLOWANCE. ENGLISH SHIPS<br />
FROM BATAVIA. COMMUNICATION AGAIN SUSPENDED. DUTCH AND JAP-<br />
ANESE DICTIONARY. CHILDREN AT THE FACTORY. A. D. \7'J2 1317.<br />
TILL comparatively a recent period Europe was very much in<br />
<strong>the</strong> dark as to <strong>the</strong> geography of north-eastern Asia. Through <strong>the</strong><br />
explorations <strong>and</strong> conquests of <strong>the</strong> Russians, Kamtchatka (long be-<br />
fore visited by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Japan</strong>ese) first became known to Europeans,<br />
about <strong>the</strong> year 1700. The exploration of <strong>the</strong> Kurile Isl<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
stretching from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn point of that peninsula, led <strong>the</strong> Russians<br />
towards <strong>Japan</strong>. In 1713 <strong>the</strong> Cossack Kosierewski reached<br />
Konashir (<strong>the</strong> twentieth Kurile, according to <strong>the</strong> Russian reckoning,<br />
beginning from Kamtchatka), close to <strong>the</strong> north-eastern coast of<br />
Jeso, <strong>and</strong> claimed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Japan</strong>ese. In 1730, Spagenburg, a Dane<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Russian service, visited all <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Kuriles, coasted <strong>the</strong><br />
isl<strong>and</strong> of Jeso, made <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> of Nipon, <strong>and</strong> entered several har-<br />
bors on its eastern coa?i. These explorations were renewed by<br />
Potonchew, in 1777 ; but it was not till 1787 that La Perouse<br />
obtained for Europe <strong>the</strong> first distinct knowledge of <strong>the</strong> outline of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Sea of <strong>Japan</strong>, of <strong>the</strong> relative situations of Sagaleen <strong>and</strong> Jeso,<br />
And of <strong>the</strong> strait between <strong>the</strong>m, which still bears his name.