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Cothurnia limnoriae - NSCEP | US EPA - US Environmental ...

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Juvenile Development/Dispersal<br />

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Definition<br />

Planktonic larvae<br />

Brooded<br />

Free living<br />

Duration of<br />

larval phase<br />

Lecithotrophy<br />

Planktotrophy<br />

Teleplanic<br />

Duration of<br />

larval phase<br />

Units<br />

Units<br />

The larval phase is brooded within the<br />

adult or tube of the adult.<br />

The larval phase is totally separated<br />

from the adult.<br />

Maximum duration of larval phase and<br />

units (hours, days, months).<br />

Larvae that spend at least part of the<br />

larval phase in the water column.<br />

Planktonic larvae that derive<br />

nourishment from yolk.<br />

Planktonic larvae that derive<br />

nourishment by feeding.<br />

Larvae with an extended planktonic<br />

phase and a corresponding capacity for<br />

long-distance dispersal.<br />

Maximum duration of larval phase and<br />

units (hours, days, months).<br />

Fragments<br />

Animals or plants that can disperse<br />

through transport of fragments.<br />

Seeds Plants that can disperse through seeds.<br />

Spores<br />

Animals or plants that can disperse<br />

through transport of spores.<br />

71

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