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Cothurnia limnoriae - NSCEP | US EPA - US Environmental ...

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Early Development Mechanisms<br />

Table 10: Definitions for early development mechanisms.<br />

Early Development Mechanism<br />

Level 1 Level 2<br />

Viviparous<br />

Oviparous<br />

Ovoviviparous (brooder)<br />

External eggs<br />

Juvenile Development and Dispersal<br />

Egg mass carried by female<br />

Table 11: Definitions for juvenile development and dispersal.<br />

Juvenile Development/Dispersal<br />

Definition<br />

Development takes place within the<br />

female and embryo derives<br />

nourishment from the mother.<br />

Eggs are laid by the female and<br />

develop outside of either parent.<br />

Eggs are laid directly in the<br />

environment in an egg case, egg mass,<br />

or spawned into the water column.<br />

Eggs are carried as an external egg<br />

mass by the female, such as by many<br />

crabs (e.g., berried crab).<br />

Eggs develop within the female, or<br />

male in some cases, but the embryo<br />

derives no nourishment from the<br />

parent. A brooder.<br />

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Definition<br />

Direct<br />

development<br />

Development without a larval phase.<br />

Ametabolous<br />

Juvenile development with no major<br />

change in body form.<br />

Juvenile development with incomplete<br />

Hemimetabolous<br />

metamorphosis. In insects, consisting of<br />

an egg, nymph, and adult stage.<br />

Juvenile development with complete<br />

Holometabolous<br />

metamorphosis. In insects, consisting of<br />

an embryo, larvum, pupa, and imago<br />

(adult) stage.<br />

Development with a morphologically<br />

Larval phase<br />

distinct, free-living dispersive stage.<br />

Often occupies a different habitat than<br />

the adult.<br />

Benthic larvae<br />

Lecithotrophy<br />

Planktotrophy<br />

Larvae that remain on the bottom or<br />

within the tubes of adults.<br />

Benthic larvae that derive nourishment<br />

from yolk.<br />

Benthic larvae that derive nourishment<br />

by feeding.<br />

70

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