Cothurnia limnoriae - NSCEP | US EPA - US Environmental ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Marine and estuarine nonindigenous species (NIS) are found across the world’s oceans, and
designing effective management strategies to mitigate this economic, ecological and human
health threat requires a basic understanding of the existing invasion patterns at regional to global
scales. However, to date, syntheses at ocean basin scales have essentially been nonexistent. To
fill the gap for the North Pacific, we synthesized the distributions, invasion history,
environmental tolerances, and natural history of the near-coastal nonindigenous species (NIS)
reported from the member countries of the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES;
United States, Canada, China, Republic of Korea, Japan, and Russia). The hierarchical “Marine
Ecoregions of the World” (MEOW) biogeographic schema was used as the framework for
assessing species’ distributions, with the modification that we added a “region” level to
differentiate eastern and western sides of oceans. The two North Pacific regions are the
Northeast Pacific (NEP), which extends from the Gulf of California to the Aleutian Islands, and
the Northwest Pacific (NWP), which extends from the East China Sea to the Kamchatka Shelf.
To have complete coverage of the United States, we included the MEOW Hawaii Ecoregion as a
separate reporting unit. To have complete coverage of Japan and China, we combined five
MEOW ecoregions in southern China and Japan into the North Central-Indo Pacific (NCIP)
Region. The various types of information were synthesized in a Microsoft Access database, the
“PICES Nonindigenous Species Information System”, which is further described in the “User’s
Guide and Metadata for the PICES Nonindigenous Species Information System” (Lee et al.,
2012). The PICES database was then used to generate two-page “species profiles” that map the
native and introduced distributions of each species and provide a standardized summary of its
invasion history, environmental tolerances, and natural history. These species profiles form the
bulk of the “Atlas of Nonindigenous Marine and Estuarine Species in the North Pacific”.
A total of 747 near-coastal nonindigenous species were identified in the PICES countries, with
four phyla (Arthropoda, Chordata, Mollusca, and Annelida) constituting more than 70% of these
invaders. The NEP and Hawaii have similar numbers of reported nonindigenous species, 368 and
347, respectively. In comparison, the NWP has about 60% of the number of reported NIS, 208.
The NCIP contains only 73 NIS, though there is limited information for these ecoregions. When
evaluated at an individual MEOW ecoregion scale, the Hawaii Ecoregion was the most invaded
with 347 invaders, followed by the Northern California Ecoregion, which includes the San
Francisco Estuary, with 287 NIS. The most invaded ecoregion in the NWP was the Central
Kuroshio Current Ecoregion, which includes Tokyo Bay, with 87 reported NIS. Eight potential
reasons for this geographical discrepancy in the extent of invasion were considered. The two
most important appear to be: 1) the milder temperature regimes in the NEP and Hawaii are more
conducive for NWP species to invade the NEP and Hawaii than the reverse and 2) there has been
a greater search effort for NIS in Hawaii and the NEP at least for certain taxonomic groups.
In terms of how the NIS were transported, hull fouling was potentially the most important vector
in the NEP, NWP, and Hawaii, with ballast water discharges the second most important in all
three regions. Intentional stocking and aquaculture escapees were relatively more important in
the NWP than the NEP or Hawaii, reflecting the extensive aquaculture in Asia. Aquaculture
associated species (i.e., aquaculture hitchhikers) was relatively important in the NEP, reflecting
the historical influx of invaders with the importation of Atlantic and Pacific oysters.
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