foucault-and-the-iranian-revolution-janet-afary

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Processions. Passion Plays. and Rites of Penance 65 ership now had a martyr. In keeping with Shi'ite traditions, forty days later a commemoration for the martyred student was held in a mosque in Tabriz, Shariatmadari's home base. When the police again broke into the mosque, killing many more people, the cycle of mourning processions and commemorations, modeled after Muharram, was initiated. Khomeini kept reminding the public of the glories of martyrdom, of what Hussein had done for Islam, and of the need to give one's life for the sake of the Iranian Revolution. The February 18 memorial procession led to a bloody demonstration in which a hundred more demonstrators were killed. Forty days later demonstrations in memory of the martyrs of February resulted in more riots and strikes throughout the country. The March-April memorial events in tum led to riots in thirty-four cities. On May 9, two theology students were killed. This event triggered new demonstrations in Qom and other major cities. On September 8, government forces shot at protesters who had gathered at Jaleh Square in Tehran, killing at least two hundred and fifty and wounding another thousand (Ashraf and Banuazizi 1985). This event, known as the "Black Friday Massacre," further radicalized the movement and ended the possibility that the moderate camp of reformers might assume the leadership ofthe movement (Milani 1998, 250). Khomeini encouraged women and children to march at the head of processions. Our brave women embrace their children and face the machine-guns and tanks of the executioners of this regime . ... Sisters and Brothers, be resolute, do not show weakness and lack of courage. You are following the path of the Almighty and his prophets. Your blood is poured on the same road as that of the [martyred) prophets, imams, and their fo llowers. You join them. This is not an occasion to mourn but to rej oice. (Khomeini 1999, 3:510-12) Over and over, he resurrected the imagery of Karbala: My dears, do not fear giving martyrs, giving life and property for God, Islam, and the Muslim nation. This is the custom of our great prophet and his clan. Our blood is no more precious than the blood of the martyrs of Karbala . .. You, who have stood up for Islam and devoted your life and propeny [to it), are now in the ranks of the martyrs of Karbala. for you follow this doctrine. (4:155 ) But Khomeini also combined this type of militant Shi'ite discourse with an anti-imperialist one that distanced itself from both the Russian and the Chinese regimes, striking an independent nationalist chord.
66 Foucault's Discourse In September 19, 1978, just after the Black Friday massacre in Tehran, Khomeini declared, Today, the so-called Red revolutionary China, the U.S., which stands for international oppression, the Soviet Union, which is the source oflies and deceit, Britain, this old rogue of colonialism, have all risen to defend the shah and demolish a nation that wishes to stand on its own feet rather than rely on the East or the West. Under such circumstances, the shameless shah labels the defenseless Iranian people a mixture of Red communists and Black reaGtionaries. However, I am sure that the victory of our nation is certain. (Khomeini 1999, 3:476-77) It was at this point that Foucault first visited Iran.
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Foucault and the Iranian Revolution
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The Western liberal Left needs to k
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=..: :;.,. ..".--=- Acknowledgments
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Acknowledgments xi from issue edito
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The author is an ideological produc
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Introduction 3 Later that year, Fou
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Introduction 5 existence" -practice
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Introduction 7 his stance on Iran.
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Introduction 9 also believe that, l
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PART I Foucault's Discourse: On Pin
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Page 51 and 52: 40 Foucault's Discourse of Muhammad
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Page 55 and 56: 44 Foucault's Discourse house. A mu
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Page 59 and 60: 48 Foucault's Discourse public (Cal
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Page 63 and 64: 52 Foucault's Discourse suffered by
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Debating the Outcome of the Revolut
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Foucault, Gender, and Male Homosexu
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Foucault. Gender. and Male Homosexu
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Epilogue From the Iranian Revolutio
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Epilogue 165 tian Nobel Laureate Na
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Epilogue 167 strength in the afterm
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Epilogue 169 These attitudes formed
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Epilogue 171 has written in the pos
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Epilogue 173 Women's support was cr
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Epilogue 175 ' Indeed, battles for
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Epilogue 177 nor is every tolerant
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Contents Introductory Note 181 Dial
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182 Appendix an international women
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184 Appendix that he or she [u] 2 w
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186 Appendix that has reached a num
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188 Appendix what is the subject, w
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190 Appendix But a little further a
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192 Appendix purchased abroad. Ther
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194 Appendix also a gendarme that i
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196 Appendix Yes, modernization as
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198 Appendix feudal treasures and t
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200 Appendix this city, which was t
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202 Appendix of Ali and of his desc
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204 Appendix incident? There are qu
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206 Appendix Shariatrnadari told me
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208 Appendix equality that had alre
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21 0 Appendix people. The Western l
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212 Appendix The third paradox is t
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214 Appendix the leader of the Nati
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216 Ap pend ix The Revolt in Iran S
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218 Appendix Air pilot explained to
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220 Appendix able to hear them. Fro
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222 Appendix like the European stud
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224 Appendix omnipresent-to bring i
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226 Appendix The Christians, assure
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228 Appendix Politics According to
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230 Appendix gradually sapped Chris
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232 Appendix govern essentially wit
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234 Appendix enhanced the flexibili
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236 Appendix Muslim fundamentalism,
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238 Appendix persuasive fonn of Isl
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240 Appendix at arm's length a dyin
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242 Appendix Do we need to invert V
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244 Appendix treachery!) generalize
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246 Appendix 4. Women must be guara
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248 Appendix to the Precepts of the
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250 Appendix very anxious to be abl
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252 Appendix who is a very differen
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254 Appendix entire people and the
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256 Appendix Martyr, " the Iranian
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258 Appendix in the same way, with
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260 Appendix HShe's a reporter, she
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262 Appendix Personally, I am somew
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264 Appendix the possibility of thi
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266 Appendix Hence, precisely, the
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268 Appendix Success leads to succe
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270 Appendix onward. They are all t
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272 Appendix The philosopher rightl
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274 Appendix the most archaic inter
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276 Appendix that all of these "pol
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Introduction 1. In keeping with the
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Notes to Pages 23-2 6 281 that all
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Notes to Pages 30-44 283 17. The no
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Notes to Pages 55-72 285 17. Needle
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Notes to Pages 87-102 287 1979, Fou
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Notes to Pages 128-1 40 289 opponen
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Notes to Pages 147-1 54 291 14. Jam
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Notes to Pages 163-1 91 293 Epilogu
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Notes to Pages 196-200 295 program,
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Notes to Pages 205-2 13 297 Khalq a
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Notes to Pages 223-243 299 Iran Lib
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Notes to Pages 250-2 72 301 115. Fo
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Abedi. Mehdi. and Gary Legenhausen.
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References 305 Azari, Farah, ed. 19
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References ---. 1979b. "Les femmes
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References ---. 1983. "On the Genea
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References 31 1 Hooglund, Eric J. 1
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References 313 Larmour, David H. J.
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References Mork, Gordon R. 1 996 .
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References 317 Review Press. [The F
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References 319 Vahdat, Farzin. 2002
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322 anti-imperialism, 75, 116, 123,
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324 Christianity: "aesthetics of ex
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326 delinquency and punishment, 266
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328 Foucault, Michel (continued) 1
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330 homosexuality (continued) 291n1
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33 2 Japan, 18, 103, 168, 280n7 Jes
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334 Libya, 1 00, 223, 231-32 Ligue
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336 modernity and modernization (co
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338 Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah (co
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340 revolt, usefulness of, 263-67 "
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342 Shariati, Ali (continued) of Fa
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344 Thousand and One Nights (Schehe
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346 women (continued) other women b
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