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Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah (continued)
as one of world's great civilizations,
295n27; on MIslamic Marxists, N 23 8; as
personification ofYazid, 1, 35, 57, 61,
64, 235; plan for secularization and
modernization, 80; referendum of
1979 and, 212-13; rights of religious
minorities under, 5 8; rule of, 72-73;
Soviet Union and, 192, 294n17; U.S.
visit of, 3 01n123. See also Pahlavi
regime; SAVAK; torture
Pahlavi, Reza Shah: abdication of, 46;
"Aryanness' and, 196; .assumption of
power by, 192, 294n14; corruption
and, 197-98; as disciple of Ataturk,
196; Foucault's discussion of. 78-79;
gaze of, 8 0, 197, 295n28; Muharram
rituals banned by, 45-46; public
works of, 199; rule of, 72-73. See also
Pahlavi regime
Pahlavi Foundation, 198, 295n29
Pahlavi regime: corruption and, 79-80;
cracking of, 71-72, 1 07; earthquake
response under, 189-90; execution of
officials of, 1 09; Foucault's opposition
to, 69; homosexuality and, 161;
military of, 1 91-94, 293-94nnlO-11;
promises of during revolution, 7 1
Paidar, Parvin, 73
paidika . See homosexuality
Pakistan, 41-42, 92, 100, 165, 168, 176,
209-10, 223, 299n84
Palestine, 99, 228, 229, 240, 241, 296n45
Paradise of Zahra Cemetery, 50, 106, 200,
296n35
Parham, Baqir, dialogue with Foucault, 74,
75-76, 181, 183-89
Pans, France, 69, 70, 71, 76-77, 104
parliament, 72
parties, political, 95-96, 98, 212-13, 222,
232
Pashtuns, 158
passion plays, 44, 54-56. See also Ta'ziyeh
patriarchy, reasserted in Shi'ite passion
play, 54
Peace of Augsburg ( 15 55), 299n87
peasants, displaced, 81-82
Index
Peasant Wars in Gennany (Engels), 293n5
pederasty: in Greco-Roman world, 145,
146-51, 154; in Iran, 160; in Middle
East, 161; in Muslim world, 156-58;
in Persian poetry, 292n27
Pelly, Lewis, 45
penal system, 24
penitence rituals: absolution and, 53;
banned by Reza Shah, 45-46; bloody
rituals introduced, 42; Christian,
32, 49-54; confession as, 51-53;
demonstrations of 1978 and, 38-39;
endurance of, 53; gender difference in,
284n6; in Muharram celebration, 47;
in non-Islamic religions, 44; sexual
acts and, 159-60; Shi'ite resistance
and, 4; sinehzani, 44, 284n6
People's Mujahedeen. See Mujahedeen
Khalq
Persia, 84, 156-57, 292n27. See also Iran
Persian Now Rouz (New Year), Muharram
celebrations and, 42
Phalangists, 228
Pharr, Suzann 291n19
Philip II of Macedonia, 149·
philosophical worldview of our time,
184-86
philosophy and political systems, 74-76,
135-36
philosophy/oppression link, 24 1 -42, 243
Pinel, Phillippe, 23
Pinochet, Augusto, 192, 294n16
Plagued by the West (AI-Ahmad), 59
Plato, 290nn10-11, 29 1n17
plebiscite, of March 1979, 110
Plutarch, 153, 291n21
Poland, 8, 56, 103, 129-30, 234, 263,
301n125
polarization, Muslim/Christian, 230
political commitment, 183-84
political prisoners, 176
political spirituality: alternative forms of
modernity and, 99; authoritarian vs.
nonauthoritarian, 9; as counterdis­
course to materialism, 13; and critique
of modem secular culture, 91; forms
of, 9; French ridicule of, 209, 297n58;