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292 Notes to Pages 1 54-1 62<br />
24. See also Freel<strong>and</strong> 1998. Martha Nussbaum points out that according to Aristotle<br />
<strong>the</strong> basic needs of all human beings had to be provided for in an ethical social order, a<br />
notion that she says is entirely absent from Foucault's work (1998, 249).<br />
25. We do not have much information about homosexuality in <strong>the</strong> Middle<br />
Eastern/Muslim world, since scholarship on this subjea is in its very early stages. Therefore<br />
we have had to rely at times on materials by writers who are not specialists in this field.<br />
Our statements about homosexual praaices in <strong>the</strong>se societies are thus highly tentative, <strong>and</strong><br />
much more work is needed in this area.<br />
26. According to <strong>the</strong> texts, <strong>the</strong>se are (1) <strong>the</strong> man is not fulfilling <strong>the</strong> Biblical<br />
comm<strong>and</strong>ment to procreate, (2) he is not fulfilling his sexual duties to his wife, <strong>and</strong> (3) he<br />
is indulging in a praaice whose sole purpose is <strong>the</strong> gratification of his desire (Eron 1993,<br />
115).<br />
27. In <strong>the</strong> manner of Eve Sedgwick (1985), Afsaneh Najmabadi suggests that even<br />
some heterosexual Persian poetry, where an older women expresses desire for a younger<br />
man, reflects homoerotic attraaion between <strong>the</strong> male reader <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> object of his desire<br />
in <strong>the</strong> literary text, a desire that is expressed via <strong>the</strong> mediation of a woman (Najmabadi<br />
2000).<br />
28. One indication of <strong>the</strong> historical link between this region <strong>and</strong> ancient Greek<br />
culture is that, after centuries of Muslim rule, K<strong>and</strong>ahar retains its original name, based on<br />
a local pronunciation of <strong>the</strong> Greek word for Alex<strong>and</strong>ria.<br />
29. Khalid Duran discusses <strong>the</strong> colonial subtext to <strong>the</strong>se sex tours (1993, 189).<br />
30. Keyvan Khosravani was an architea, a painter, <strong>and</strong> a designer. He had a<br />
famous boutique in Tehran called "Number One" <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong> designer of Queen<br />
Farah's Bakhtiari <strong>and</strong> traditional dresses. His companion was Bijan Saffari. Although <strong>the</strong><br />
ceremony was ostensibly in jest, <strong>the</strong> feelings of <strong>the</strong> partners were apparently sincere. After a<br />
photojournalist took pictures of <strong>the</strong> event <strong>and</strong> sold .<strong>the</strong>rnto <strong>the</strong> newspapers, however, <strong>the</strong><br />
public outrage became too much to h<strong>and</strong>le. Saffari denied 'any homosexual relationship<br />
<strong>and</strong> ended his friendship with Khosravani, who left for Italy soon after <strong>the</strong> <strong>revolution</strong>.<br />
(Thanks to Houman Sarshar <strong>and</strong> Homa Sarshar for this information.)<br />
31. Some of this information is based on an e-mail exchange with Goudarz Eghtedari<br />
(Iran). For a discussion of this issue, see Sanasarian 2000 <strong>and</strong> various issues of <strong>the</strong><br />
journal Homan (1999-2001). For more information on <strong>the</strong> Iranian GLB movement, see<br />
<strong>the</strong> website for Homan: The Group to Defend <strong>the</strong> Rights of Iranian Gays <strong>and</strong> Lesbians,<br />
www.homan.cwc.net. For literature on Iranian lesbians, see www.geocities.com/khanaeyedoost.<br />
According to Duran, "homosexual assault is frequently used by <strong>the</strong> police of<br />
repressive regimes, such as <strong>the</strong> SAVAK during <strong>the</strong> reign of <strong>the</strong> Shah ofIran or its successor,<br />
SAVAMA, <strong>the</strong> dreaded security organ of <strong>the</strong> Khomeini government" (1993, 1 87).<br />
32. Comments by Norma Moruzzi on her visits to Iran at <strong>the</strong> Trans/national<br />
Sexualities Symposium, University of Illinois, Chicago, November 18, 2002.