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C. vestigiurn by the absence in adult males of small or large dark brown or black inguinal patches. It may be further distinguished from C. dickersonae. C. grismeri, C. bicinctores, C. insularis, and C. vestigium by the absence in adult males of a strongly laterally compressed tail, a white or off-white dorsal caudal stripe, and a pale tan or white patternless region on the dorsal surface of the head. It may be further distinguished from C. grismeri, C. bicinctores, C. insularis, and C. vestigium by the presence of black oral melanin. Variation (n = 17). -Rostra1 approximately four times wider than high, usually rectangular in shape. Rostra1 bordered by three to six postrostrals. Re- maining snout scales irregularly arranged, an enlarged middorsal series may be present. Nasals separated by five to seven internasals. Frontonasals occasionally enlarged. Canthals three; five to eight scales separate canthals of left and right sides. Su- praorbital semicircles present with ten to 15 scales per semicircle, median scales do not fuse to form azygous frontals. Supraoculars flat or convex, smooth, becoming progressively larger medially such that medial scales are two to four times larger than lateral ones. Circumorbitals present, not well differentiated from supraoculars. Superciliaries seven to 13, extremely elongate medial scale occasionally present. Palpebrals ovoid, slightly convex, inter- spersed with numerous interstitial granules. Preo- culars, suboculars, and postoculars form an arc of seven to 12 rectangular scales, second, third, or fourth scale not elongate. Supralabials 1 1 to 15, usually slightly longer than high except anteriormost scale, which is square or pentagonal. Lorilabials in two to three rows, ovoid to rectangular, juxtaposed, sepa- rating supralabials from suboculars and nasals. Ap- erture of external auditory meatus rectangular or ovoid, often constricted at or above the midpoint, approximately two to four times higher than wide, with small, strongly convex, somewhat conical au- ricular scales lining anterior margin. Mental pentagonal, one to 1.5 times wider than high, bordered laterally by anterior infralabials and posteriorly by a pair of large postmentals. Postmentals may or may not be separated from infralabials by one or two sublabials. Chinshields weakly differentiated or un- differentiated. Infralabials ten to 15, square or wider than high, inferior border convex. Gulars granular, strongly convex and beadlike, each scale separated from adjacent scales by numerous asymmetrically arranged interstitial granules. Dorsal scales in approximately 156 to 192 rows midway between forelimb and hindlimb insertions. OF CROTAPHYTID LIZARDS Tail long, cylindrical to oval, sometimes more strongly laterally compressed in adult males. Paired, median row of subcaudals larger than adjacent subcaudals and lateral caudals. Enlarged postanal scales absent in males. Deep postfemoral dermal mite pocket absent. Femoral pores 15 to 18, femoral pores do not extend beyond angle of knee, separated medially by 14 to 20 granular scales. Subdigital lamellae on fourth toe 18 to 22. Coloration in Life. -Dorsal body coloration in adult males and females is golden tan. The white component of the dorsal pattern is composed of a white reticulum found over nearly the entire dorsal surface of the animal, including the body, the tail, all four limbs, and the superficial mandibular and temporal regions. Many of the white reticulations of the body (and occasionally the limbs) enclose black pigments and these black-filled hexagons are present in seven or eight transversely arranged rows. Transverse body bars are absent. A broad white or off-white caudal vertebral stripe is not present in adult males. The dorsal surface of the head is not pale colored, and may bear a mottled pattern. Olive green or burnt orange ventrolateral coloration is lacking. The gular coloration in adult males is generally slate gray or olive green and may be heavily tinged with yellow when the male breeding coloration is present. A black central gular component is present in males. Anterior and posterior collar markings are usually present in males, while only the posterior collar markings (in the form ofa transverse series of black-filled reticulations) are often present in females. In both sexes, the collar markings appear to be more rudimentary than those of other Crotaphytus and appear to represent modified rows of transversely arranged black-filled hexagons from which black pigments have escaped and run togeth- er. When present, the posterior markings do not contact middorsally. The anterior collar markings are complete ventrally in adult males, with black pigments extending through the gular fold. A pair of black nuchal spots are generally present middorsally between the anterior collar markings. Enlarged melanic axillary patches immediately posterior to the forelimb insertion are lacking. Large melanic inguinal patches are never present in adult males. The femoral pore exudate of males is jet black. Paired, melanic keels are absent from the ventral surface of the caudal extremity. Females develop vivid orange or reddish lateral bars during the gravid period. The tail is not vividly colored in adult or subadult females of this species.
BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32 Size. -This species exhibits sexual dimorphism with males reaching larger adult size (maximum observed SVL = 122 mm) than females (maximum observed SVL = 118 mm). Montanucci (1971) indicated that Crotaphytus reticulatus reaches a SVL of 137 mm, a much larger size than was observed in any of the material examined for this study. Distribtrtion (Fig. 45). - Crotaphyt us reticulatus occurs in the Tamaulipan Biotic Province of the lower Rio Grande valley of southern Texas and adjacent Mexico (Montanucci, 197 1, 1976). Montanucci (197 1) provided a dot distribution map for the species as well as a verbal description of its distributional limits. Axtell (1989b) provided a detailed dot distribution map for the species within the confines of Texas. Montanucci (197 1) stated that the western limit of the species occurred at Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico, which would suggest that the distributions of C. reticulatus and C. collaris overlap over an extensive area. However, Axtell (1 98 1) found that the locality data associated with the Muzquiz specimen were erroneous. The questionable ("?*) locality shown in Figure 45 from near the border between Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, Mexico, represents a locality given for C. reticulafus (AMNH 104448-"ne. 10 1, 12 mi. SW jct. with side rd. to Tula, 13 mi. NE San Luis Potosi state line"). This locality is dubious for C. reticulatus, but would not be unexpected for C. collaris. Fossil Record. -None. Natural History. -Before Montanucci's (1 97 1) study, very little was known about the natural history of this species and his publication stands as the major contribution to this topic. Crotaphytus reticulatus differs in many respects from other Crotaphytus, particularly in that it is much less reliant on rocky habitats. Indeed, while this species will utilize rocky habitats within its range, it is often found on mesquite flats far from the nearest rocky habitat. Montanucci (1971) noted that it is not found on rocky outcropping along the margins of bluffs (habitat that one would expect other species of Crotaphyftcs to inhabit), but that these outcroppings were occupied by Sceloporus cyanogenys. Montanucci (197 1) refers to the preferred habitat of this species as thornbrush desert characterized by the following plant taxa: mesquite (Prosopis glandtrlosa), several species of Acacia, Mimosa, paloverde (Cercidium tnacrum), white brush (Aloysia Iycioides), cenizo (Leucophyllu~nfiutescens), and prickly pear (Opunria lindheimeri). Like other Crotaphytus, this species prefers to bask above the surrounding substrate and this is accomplished in rockless areas by perching on fence posts (personal observation) or in the branches of mesquite trees (Montanucci, personal communication). The natural history of Crotaphytus reficulatus bears a number of similarities to that of Gambelia. The utilization of flatland habitats with or without the presence of rocks is one notable similarity. An- other is associated with their escape behavior. When alarmed, they often will run to the base of a nearby bush where they flatten themselves to the ground and remain motionless (Montanucci, 197 1; personal observation), a behavior that often is observed in G. silzts (Montanucci, 1965), G. wislizenii, and G. copei. As in the latter three species, C. reticulatus often will allow one to approach within one or two meters without attempting escape. The diet of Crotaphytus reficulatus is similar to that of other Crotaphytus with arthropods (primar- ily orthopterans and coleopterans) making up the bulk of the diet, but with lizards (Cnemidophorus gularis, Eutneces), snakes (Salvadora grahamiae), and rodents (Perotnyscus?) occasionally taken (Klein, 195 1; Montanucci, 197 1). As has been observed in a number of other Crotaphytus and Gatnbelia species, plant matter (in particular Lycium berries) may be consumed. Montanucci (1971) discussed several additional aspects of Crotaphytus reticulatus biology including territoriality, reproduction, die1 activity, seasonal activity, hatching and growth, predators, parasites, and injury. Illustrations. -Line drawings of Crotaphytus reticulatus were given in Cope (1 900) and Burt (1 935). Black-and-white photographs were presented in Smith (1 946) and Montanucci (I 97 1, 1974). Color illustrations appear in Conant (1975) and Conant and Collins (199 1). Color photographs are found in Behler and King (1 979), Garrett and Barker (1987), and Sprackland (1 993). Crotaphytus vestigiutn Smith and Tanner (Fig. 32C) Crotaphyrus farciarus Mocquard. 1899303; pl. 13. fig. 1. Type locality: "Cerro de las Palmas," Baja California, Mexico (type: none designated). Crotaphyrus fosciolatus-Mocquard (substitute name for Cro- raphyrw faciatur Mocquard. 1899). 1903:209. Croraphyrus insularis vestigium Smith and Tanner, 1972:29; fig. 1, 2. Type locality: "Guadelupe Canyon. Juarez <strong>Mountain</strong>s, Baja California" (holotype: BYU 23338). Croraphyrus wsrigiunt-Collins, 1991:43.
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