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es, and the absence of extravomerine bones. It can be further distinguished from C. vestigiurn by the absence of olive green or burnt orange ventrolateral coloration. I/ariation (n = 20). - Rostral approximately four times wider than high, usually rectangular in shape. Rostral bordered by three to five postrostrals. Re- maining snout scales irregularly arranged, an enlarged middorsal series may be present. Nasals separated by five to six internasals. Frontonasals occasionally enlarged. Canthals three; five to eight scales separate canthals of left and right sides. Su- praorbital semicircles present with ten to 14 scales per semicircle, median scales do not fuse to form azygous frontals. Supraoculars flat or convex, smooth, becoming progressively larger medially such that medial scales are two to four times larger than lateral ones. Circumorbitals present, not well differentiated from supraoculars. Superciliaries six to 1 5, extremely elongate medial scale occasionally present. Palpebrals ovoid, slightly convex, inter- spersed with numerous interstitial granules. Preo- culars, suboculars, and postoculars form an arc of five to 13 rectangular scales, second, third, or fourth scale only rarely elongate. Supralabials 13 to 17, usually slightly longer than high except anteriormost scale, which is square or pentagonal. Lorilabials in one to three rows, ovoid to rectangular, juxtaposed, separating supralabials from suboculars and nasals. Aperture of external auditory meatus rectangular or ovoid, often constricted at or above the midpoint, approximately two to four times higher than wide, with small, strongly convex, somewhat conical au- ricular scales lining anterior margin. Mental pentagonal, one to 1.5 times wider than high, bordered laterally by anterior infralabials and posteriorly by a pair of large postmentals. Postmentals may or may not be separated from infralabials by one to three sublabials. Chinshields weakly differentiated or un- differentiated. Infralabials 12 to 18, square or wider than high, inferior border convex. Gulars granular, strongly convex and beadlike, each scale separated from adjacent scales by numerous asymmetrically arranged interstitial granules. Dorsal scales in approximately 144 to 200 rows midway between forelimb and hindlimb insertions. Tail long, cylindrical to oval in females and juve- niles over entire length, anterior one-half strongly compressed laterally in adult males. Paired, median row of subcaudals larger than adjacent subcaudals OF CROTAPHYTID LIZARDS 73 and lateral caudals. Enlarged postanal scales in males present. Deep postfemoral dermal mite pocket present at hindlimb insertion. Femoral pores 16 to 2 1, femoral pores do not extend beyond angle of knee, separated medially by 16 to 26 granular scales. Subdigital la- mellae on fourth toe 1 7 to 23. Colorarion in Life. -Dorsal body coloration in adult males is brown, with pale orange or peach- colored body bands. The white component of the dorsal pattern is composed ofwhite spots and dashes on the body, and a reticulum on the tail, hindlimbs, and forelimbs. The reticulate pattern of the forelimbs may occasionally be broken into spots. Trans- verse body bars are absent. Reticulations are always present on the superficial mandibular and temporal regions. A broad white or off-white caudal vertebral stripe is present. The dorsal surface of the head is pale-colored, and is conspicuously patternless. 01- ive green or burnt orange ventrolateral coloration is lacking, although fine ventrolateral reticulations are present. The gular coloration in adult males is generally slate gray or gun-barrel blue, with a black central gular component. The peripheral gular pattern is the standard reticulate form. Anterior and posterior collar markings are always present and the posterior markings often contact middorsally. The anterior collars are complete ventrally in adult males as black pigments are present within the gular fold. A pair of black nuchal spots are not present middorsally between the anterior collar markings. En- larged melanic axillary patches immediately posterior to the forelimb insertion are variably present. Large melanic inguinal patches are always present. The femoral pores are generally off-white to gray in color. Paired, melanic keels are variably present on the ventral surface of the caudal extremity. Females are less vividly marked than males. The dorsal coloration is grayish brown and they lack the white dorsal caudal stripe, black pigments of the gular fold, and melanic inguinal patches, axillary patches, and gular spot. Gravid females develop vivid orange or reddish lateral bars during the gravid period. The tail is not vividly colored in adult or subadult females of this species. Size. -This species exhibits strong sexual dimor- phism with males reaching larger adult size (maxi- mum observed SVL = 1 1 1 mm) than females (max- imum observed SVL = 98 mm). Distribution (Fig. 44).-Occurs in xeric rocky hab- itats in southeastern and extreme northeastern Cal-
74 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32 Fig. 44.-Geographic distribution of Crotaphytw bicinctores. The "?" near Flagstaff denotes a questionable record for the species at Williams, Arizona. The "?" in central Utah represents two records from Emery County that could not be precisely located: Nine miles W of Hanksville Highway at Nixon Uranium Mine and the Mamie Stover Incline. ifornia, western and northern Arizona, southeastern Oregon, western Idaho, western and central Utah, and much of Nevada. In Idaho, the species occurs primarily in association with the Snake River drainage. Two additional localities in Idaho (approximately 24 km NNE of Atomic City, Butte County, and Montpelier, Bear Lake County) are not indi- cated on the Crotaphytus bicinctores distribution map (Fig. 44) but may represent relict populations. There is a series of three specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ 434 15-1 7) listed as collected at Cheney, Spokane County, Washington. This disjunct locality should be considered questionable until verified by additional field work. In southwestern Arizona, the species occurs throughout the volcanic mountain ranges north of the Gila River, while C. nebrius occupies most of the mountain systems south ofthe Gila River. How- ever, C. bicinctores occurs south of the Gila River near the town of Sentinel, a locality that is not oc- cupied by C. nebrius. In at least two localities, C. bicinctores and C. nebrius are only narrowly separated by the Gila River. Crotaphytus bicinctores occurs in the Laguna Mountains which lie on the north side of the Gila River, while C. nebrius occurs in the Gila Mountains on the south side of the Gila River. Also, C. bicinctores occurs in the Gila Bend Mountains on the west shore ofthe Gila River, while C. nebrius occurs in the Buckeye Hills on the adjacent east shore. I observed a subadult C. bicinctores at Black Gap, Maricopa County, Arizona, a narrow pass on the western periphery ofthe Sauceda Mountains through which Arizona State Highway 85 passes. This observation was extremely surpris- ing given that this area is apparently well isolated from known C. bicinctores populations north of the Gila Bend River and on the Sentinel Plain. If C. bicinctores has an established population at this locality, it is likely that C. nebrius and C. bicinctores contact somewhere in the Sauceda or Maricopa mountains. Several later attempts to find C. bicinc- rores or C. nebrius at this locality were unsuccessful. In northern Arizona, C. bicinctores occurs within and north of the Colorado River drainage (Grand Canyon) and follows the Little Colorado River drainage as well. Over much of this area, the species occurs in close geographic proximity to C. collaris. Two hybrid zones between these species have been documented based on morphological and electro- phoretic evidence (Axtell, 1972; Montanucci, 1 983), although it seems likely that additional contact zones exist. The symbol "?" west of Flagstaff on Figure 44 represents a series of specimens (SDSNH 19474- 80) that includes both C. bicinctores and C. collaris. It seems likely that the locality data for the C. bicinctores in this series is incorrect. In Utah, Crotaphytus bicinctores occupies most of the desert mountain ranges west of the Wasatch Range and also appears to occupy the arid regions to the east of the Wasatch Range. The symbol "?" on the C. bicinctores map (Fig. 44) represents two localities in Emery County (9 mi W of Hanksville Highway (Hwy 24) near the Nixon Uranium Mine (BYU 16496) and the Mamie Stover Incline [BYU 20089-901) that are represented by specimens, but for which I could not find the specific localities on topographical maps. Fossil Record. -Pleistocene fossils collected from Rampart Cave, Arizona (Van Devender et al., 1977),
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