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72 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32
are able to take off bipedally from a standing start,
as are all other Crotaphytus species. This species
appears to be territorial, which is the case for all
other Crotaphytus that have been studied (Fitch,
1956; Moehn, 1976; Montanucci, 197 1; Sanborn
and Loomis, 1979; Yedlin and Ferguson, 1973; plus
numerous additional references). On 25 June 1994,
I witnessed apparent temtorial behavior when an
adult male chased another adult male over approx-
imately 10 m after the first male ventured into the
area occupied by the second male. During the in-
teraction, the pursuing male appeared to have its
gular pouch fully depressed, a behavior that appears
to be associated with aggression in all Crotaphytus
species (Fitch, 1956; Sanborn and Loomis, 1979;
personal observation).
Very little is known about the reproductive be-
havior of this species. However, since all but one of
the females observed displayed orange gravid col-
oration in various stages of intensity, it is clear that
the reproductive cycle includes late June. One of the
females bearing gravid coloration appeared emaci-
ated, as if she had just oviposited. No juveniles were
observed, suggesting that the year's early clutches
had not yet hatched. Some individuals (TNHC
53 154, 53 159) contained yolked ovarian follicles
together with corpora lutea and distended, vascu-
larized oviducts, suggesting that this species can pro-
duce at least two clutches in a single reproductive
season. One large female (SVL = 89 mm) contained
four shelled eggs, another (SVL = 89 mm) contained
three shelled eggs, and four additional females con-
tained between one and four yolked ovarian folli-
cles, suggesting that the species has a relatively small
clutch size.
The only observation made regarding feeding
habits is that one adult male that was prepared as
a skeleton contained the remains of an unidentified
coleopteran insect.
Illustrations. -Black-and-white photographs of
males and females were provided by Axtell and
Webb (1 995).
Crotaphytus bicinctores
Smith and Tanner
(Fig. 32A)
Croraphyrus collaris bicinctores Smith and Tanner, 1972:27; fig.
1.2. Type Iacality: "Mercury Pass, Nevada Test Site, Nye Co.,
Nevada" (holotype: BYU 23883).
Croraphyrus insularis bicinctores- Axtell, 1972:72 1; fig. 2,
S b , 6.
Crotaphyrus bicincrores-Sanborn and Loomis, 1979: 105.
Etymology.-From the Latin bi. two, and cinct, banded or
girdled, in reference to "the divided banding (presumably of the
collar) in the Great Basin populations" (fide Tanner, personal
communication, 1993).
Diagnosis. - Crotaphytus bicinctores can be dis-
tinguished from C. reticulatus. C. collaris, C. ne-
brim, and C. dickersonae by the absence of black
oral melanin. It can be further distinguished from
C. reticulat us, C. collaris, and C. nebrius by the pres-
ence in adult males of a strongly laterally com-
pressed tail with a pale white dorsal caudal stripe,
enlarged dark brown or black inguinal patches that
extend between one-third and two-thirds of the dis-
tance between the hindlimb and forelimb insertions,
and a pale tan or off-white patternless region on the
dorsal surface of the head. It may be further distin-
guished from C. reticulatus as well as C. antiquus
by a dorsal body pattern of white spots and dashes
on a brown field rather than white reticulations on
a gold, tan, or brown field. It may be further distin-
guished from C. nebrius by its brown dorsal col-
oration rather than pale tan. It may be further dis-
tinguished from C. collaris by the presence of dark
brown or black pigmentation in the gular fold (=
ventrally complete anterior collar). It may be dis-
tinguished from C. grismeri, C. vestigium, and C.
insularis by the presence of broad tan or buff trans-
verse dorsal body bands. It may be further distin-
guished from C. grismeri by the absence ofa green-
ish tint to the white bar that separates the collars,
by a pattern of white reticulations on a brown field
on the forelimbsand hindlimbs rather than a pattern
of yellow forelimbs with minute brown spotting on
the proximal dorsal surface of the brachium and a
hindlimb coloration that is nearly patternless yellow
with scattered minute brown spots from the distal
thigh to the distal terminus of the limb, by the ab-
sence of a pale orange tail coloration in subadult
females, and by the absence of a well-defined pale
tan dorsal caudal stripe in juveniles of both sexes.
It may be further distinguished from C. insularis
and C. vestigium by the presence of a dorsally com-
plete or narrowly separated posterior collar rather
than a posterior collar that is broadly separated dor-
sally or completely absent. It can be further distin-
guished from C. insularis by the presence of a rel-
atively broad nasal process of the premaxilla, the
absence of olive green ventrolateral coloration in
adult males, the presence ofa pattern of small white
spots and dashes (occasionally transverse bands),
rather than a pattern ofthicker, elongate white dash-