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BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32<br />
further than medial ones; outer ciliaries of lower eyelid larger<br />
than those of upper lid, strongly projecting, conical, with anterior<br />
and posterior scales projecting slightly further than medial ones.<br />
P~oculan, suboculars, and postoculars form an arc of four to<br />
13 rectangular scales, second, third, or fourth scale elongate or<br />
not, all with strong superior keel, strongly concave below keel.<br />
Supralabials I I to 18, usually slightly longer than high except<br />
anterionnost scale, which is square or pentagonal. Supralabials<br />
followed posteriorly by a series ofelongate postlabials. Lorilabials<br />
in one to four rows, ovoid to rectangular, juxtaposed. separating<br />
supralabials from suboculars and nasals. Loreals numerous, larger<br />
than adjacent lorilabials. Lower temporals small, convex, oval,<br />
oRen senrated by interstitial mules; zone of less convex, 00lygond<br />
br rounded, juxtaposed scales &proximately 1.5 to ;wo<br />
times larger than bordering upper and lower temporals, extending<br />
posteriorly from postoculars but not reaching external auditory<br />
meatus; corresponding to underlying postorbital bones. Aperture<br />
of external auditory meatus rectangular or ovoid. oRen constricted<br />
at or above the midpoint, app~oximately two to four times<br />
higher than wide, with small, strongly convex, somewhat conical<br />
auricular scales Lining anterior margin. Mental pentagonal, one<br />
to 1.5 times wider than high, bordered laterally by anterior infralabials<br />
and posteriorly by a pair of large postmentals. Postmentals<br />
may or may not be separated from infralabials by sublabials.<br />
Chinshields weakly differentiated or undifferentiated. lnfralabials<br />
ten to 18, square or wider than high, inferior border<br />
convex. Gulars granular, strongly convex and beadlike or flat,<br />
each scale may be separated from adjacent scales by numerous<br />
asymmetrically arranged interstitial granules. Gulars flattened<br />
and discoid in gular pouch region. Gulars within symphysial<br />
groove much smaller than surrounding scales that overlie mandibles.<br />
Dorsal scales of neck and body very small, rounded, strongly<br />
convex, nonimbricate, each characteristically surrounded by six<br />
interstitial granules giving appearance of a six-pointed sm. Median<br />
dorsal scales 1.5 to two times larger than lateral dorsal scales.<br />
Dorsals grade smoothly into ventrals, approximately 136 to 224<br />
rows encircle body midway between forelimb and hindlimb insertions.<br />
Ventrals smooth, flat, varying from oval to rhombic in<br />
shape, approximately three to four times larger than adjacent<br />
laterals, occasionally slightly imbricate.<br />
Tail long, cylindrical to oval over entire length or anterior onehalf<br />
strongly compressed laterally. Caudals usually keeled over<br />
distal 85 percent, keeling more pronounced distally. Paired, median<br />
row of subcaudals larger than adjacent subcaudalsand lateral<br />
caudals present or absent; posteriorly subcaudals become progressively<br />
more distinctly keeled and ofien mucronate. Enlarged<br />
postanal scales in males present or absent, scales between postanal<br />
plates and cloaca extremely small compared to remaining<br />
subcaudals.<br />
Scales in immediate vicinity of forelimb insertion minute, except<br />
for a patch of large, discoid scales at anterior forelimb articulation.<br />
Suprabrachials discoid, separated by interstitial granules,<br />
becoming larger and slightly imbricate distally; distal suprabrachials<br />
approximately two times larger than dorsal body<br />
scales. Suprabrachials grade smoothly into smaller postbrachials.<br />
Prebrachials convex. beadlike, each surrounded by six symmetrically<br />
arranged interstitial granules; prebrachials grade abruptly<br />
into smaller, convex infrabrachials. Supra-antebrachials and postantebrachials<br />
small, discoid, nonoverlapping proximally, preantebrachials<br />
slightly imbricate proximally; supra-antebrachials,<br />
preantebrachials, and postantebrachials much larger and strongly<br />
imbricate adjacent to supracarpals. Infra-antebrachials convex.<br />
smaller than adjacent preantebmchials and slightly smaller than<br />
postantebrachials. Supracarpals large, strongly imbricate, contin-<br />
uous with large supradigital scales. Proximal supradigitals wider<br />
than long. Infracarpals strongly imbricate, usually with three strong<br />
mucrons. Subdigital lamellae moderately imbricate, each with<br />
three to six short mucrons.<br />
Deep postfemoral dermal mite pocket may or may not be<br />
present at hindlimb insertion. Suprafemoralssmall, convex, near-<br />
ly equal in size to lateral dorsals, separated by numerous inter-<br />
stitial granules, grading into prefemorals. Prefemorals becoming<br />
more discoid, slightly imbricate and larger distally; prefemorals<br />
at knee larger than surrounding scales, five to ten times larger<br />
than suprafemorals. Prefemorals grade into smaller infrafemo-<br />
rals; 15 to 3 1 femoral porn, femoral pores extend beyond angle<br />
of knee or not, separated medially by ten to 26 granular scales.<br />
Suprafemorals grade smoothly into minute, convex, oblong post-<br />
femorals, interspersed with interstitial granules. Supratibials small,<br />
convex, grade into larger, flattened, juxtaposed posttibials and<br />
larger, similarly shaped pretibials; pretibials granular where ad-<br />
jacent to supratarsals. Infratibials smooth. flat, juxtaposed or<br />
weakly imbricate proximally, becoming imbricatehistany, much<br />
larger than adjacent pretibials and slightly larger than posttibials.<br />
Supratarsals large, imbricate anteriorly, slightly convex, granular<br />
posteriorly. Infratarsals strongly imbricate, one to three keels per<br />
scale. Supradigital scales smooth, large, strongly imbricate. Sub-<br />
digital scales imbricate, with three to seven keels. each with a<br />
terminal mucron; subdigital lamellae on fourth toe IS to 25.<br />
Size.-All crotaphytid species are sexually di-<br />
morphic; however, males are larger than females in<br />
some species while the reverse relationship pertains<br />
in others. Maximum adult sizes range from ap-<br />
proximately 99 mm SVL in male Crotaphytus gris-<br />
tneri to approximately 144 mm SVL in adult female<br />
Gambelia tvislizenii.<br />
Crotaphytus Holbrook<br />
Cro~aphyrur Holbrook, 1842:79. Type species (by original designation):<br />
Agama collaris Say 1823.<br />
Leiosauncr. art-Dum6ril. 1856332.<br />
~rorophytes--stone and ~khn, 1903:30.<br />
Definition.-Crotaphytus is defined as a node-<br />
based name for the clade stemming from the most<br />
recent common ancestor of Crotaphytus collaris and<br />
all species that are more closely related to that spe-<br />
cies than to Gambelia.<br />
Efymology. -From the Greek krolaphos, refemng to the side<br />
of the head or temple region; and phyron, a creature or animal.<br />
The name apparently refers to lhc hypertrophied jaw adductor<br />
musculature of these lizards.<br />
Coloration in LiJe. -Dorsal body coloration is ex-<br />
tremely variable within adult male Crotaphytus,<br />
ranging between cobalt blue, aquamarine, green,<br />
turquoise green, golden tan, straw yellow, brown,<br />
and gray. Females of all species except C. reticulatus<br />
are generally characterized by a more faded version<br />
of the color present in males of their species or by