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BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32<br />

further than medial ones; outer ciliaries of lower eyelid larger<br />

than those of upper lid, strongly projecting, conical, with anterior<br />

and posterior scales projecting slightly further than medial ones.<br />

P~oculan, suboculars, and postoculars form an arc of four to<br />

13 rectangular scales, second, third, or fourth scale elongate or<br />

not, all with strong superior keel, strongly concave below keel.<br />

Supralabials I I to 18, usually slightly longer than high except<br />

anterionnost scale, which is square or pentagonal. Supralabials<br />

followed posteriorly by a series ofelongate postlabials. Lorilabials<br />

in one to four rows, ovoid to rectangular, juxtaposed. separating<br />

supralabials from suboculars and nasals. Loreals numerous, larger<br />

than adjacent lorilabials. Lower temporals small, convex, oval,<br />

oRen senrated by interstitial mules; zone of less convex, 00lygond<br />

br rounded, juxtaposed scales &proximately 1.5 to ;wo<br />

times larger than bordering upper and lower temporals, extending<br />

posteriorly from postoculars but not reaching external auditory<br />

meatus; corresponding to underlying postorbital bones. Aperture<br />

of external auditory meatus rectangular or ovoid. oRen constricted<br />

at or above the midpoint, app~oximately two to four times<br />

higher than wide, with small, strongly convex, somewhat conical<br />

auricular scales Lining anterior margin. Mental pentagonal, one<br />

to 1.5 times wider than high, bordered laterally by anterior infralabials<br />

and posteriorly by a pair of large postmentals. Postmentals<br />

may or may not be separated from infralabials by sublabials.<br />

Chinshields weakly differentiated or undifferentiated. lnfralabials<br />

ten to 18, square or wider than high, inferior border<br />

convex. Gulars granular, strongly convex and beadlike or flat,<br />

each scale may be separated from adjacent scales by numerous<br />

asymmetrically arranged interstitial granules. Gulars flattened<br />

and discoid in gular pouch region. Gulars within symphysial<br />

groove much smaller than surrounding scales that overlie mandibles.<br />

Dorsal scales of neck and body very small, rounded, strongly<br />

convex, nonimbricate, each characteristically surrounded by six<br />

interstitial granules giving appearance of a six-pointed sm. Median<br />

dorsal scales 1.5 to two times larger than lateral dorsal scales.<br />

Dorsals grade smoothly into ventrals, approximately 136 to 224<br />

rows encircle body midway between forelimb and hindlimb insertions.<br />

Ventrals smooth, flat, varying from oval to rhombic in<br />

shape, approximately three to four times larger than adjacent<br />

laterals, occasionally slightly imbricate.<br />

Tail long, cylindrical to oval over entire length or anterior onehalf<br />

strongly compressed laterally. Caudals usually keeled over<br />

distal 85 percent, keeling more pronounced distally. Paired, median<br />

row of subcaudals larger than adjacent subcaudalsand lateral<br />

caudals present or absent; posteriorly subcaudals become progressively<br />

more distinctly keeled and ofien mucronate. Enlarged<br />

postanal scales in males present or absent, scales between postanal<br />

plates and cloaca extremely small compared to remaining<br />

subcaudals.<br />

Scales in immediate vicinity of forelimb insertion minute, except<br />

for a patch of large, discoid scales at anterior forelimb articulation.<br />

Suprabrachials discoid, separated by interstitial granules,<br />

becoming larger and slightly imbricate distally; distal suprabrachials<br />

approximately two times larger than dorsal body<br />

scales. Suprabrachials grade smoothly into smaller postbrachials.<br />

Prebrachials convex. beadlike, each surrounded by six symmetrically<br />

arranged interstitial granules; prebrachials grade abruptly<br />

into smaller, convex infrabrachials. Supra-antebrachials and postantebrachials<br />

small, discoid, nonoverlapping proximally, preantebrachials<br />

slightly imbricate proximally; supra-antebrachials,<br />

preantebrachials, and postantebrachials much larger and strongly<br />

imbricate adjacent to supracarpals. Infra-antebrachials convex.<br />

smaller than adjacent preantebmchials and slightly smaller than<br />

postantebrachials. Supracarpals large, strongly imbricate, contin-<br />

uous with large supradigital scales. Proximal supradigitals wider<br />

than long. Infracarpals strongly imbricate, usually with three strong<br />

mucrons. Subdigital lamellae moderately imbricate, each with<br />

three to six short mucrons.<br />

Deep postfemoral dermal mite pocket may or may not be<br />

present at hindlimb insertion. Suprafemoralssmall, convex, near-<br />

ly equal in size to lateral dorsals, separated by numerous inter-<br />

stitial granules, grading into prefemorals. Prefemorals becoming<br />

more discoid, slightly imbricate and larger distally; prefemorals<br />

at knee larger than surrounding scales, five to ten times larger<br />

than suprafemorals. Prefemorals grade into smaller infrafemo-<br />

rals; 15 to 3 1 femoral porn, femoral pores extend beyond angle<br />

of knee or not, separated medially by ten to 26 granular scales.<br />

Suprafemorals grade smoothly into minute, convex, oblong post-<br />

femorals, interspersed with interstitial granules. Supratibials small,<br />

convex, grade into larger, flattened, juxtaposed posttibials and<br />

larger, similarly shaped pretibials; pretibials granular where ad-<br />

jacent to supratarsals. Infratibials smooth. flat, juxtaposed or<br />

weakly imbricate proximally, becoming imbricatehistany, much<br />

larger than adjacent pretibials and slightly larger than posttibials.<br />

Supratarsals large, imbricate anteriorly, slightly convex, granular<br />

posteriorly. Infratarsals strongly imbricate, one to three keels per<br />

scale. Supradigital scales smooth, large, strongly imbricate. Sub-<br />

digital scales imbricate, with three to seven keels. each with a<br />

terminal mucron; subdigital lamellae on fourth toe IS to 25.<br />

Size.-All crotaphytid species are sexually di-<br />

morphic; however, males are larger than females in<br />

some species while the reverse relationship pertains<br />

in others. Maximum adult sizes range from ap-<br />

proximately 99 mm SVL in male Crotaphytus gris-<br />

tneri to approximately 144 mm SVL in adult female<br />

Gambelia tvislizenii.<br />

Crotaphytus Holbrook<br />

Cro~aphyrur Holbrook, 1842:79. Type species (by original designation):<br />

Agama collaris Say 1823.<br />

Leiosauncr. art-Dum6ril. 1856332.<br />

~rorophytes--stone and ~khn, 1903:30.<br />

Definition.-Crotaphytus is defined as a node-<br />

based name for the clade stemming from the most<br />

recent common ancestor of Crotaphytus collaris and<br />

all species that are more closely related to that spe-<br />

cies than to Gambelia.<br />

Efymology. -From the Greek krolaphos, refemng to the side<br />

of the head or temple region; and phyron, a creature or animal.<br />

The name apparently refers to lhc hypertrophied jaw adductor<br />

musculature of these lizards.<br />

Coloration in LiJe. -Dorsal body coloration is ex-<br />

tremely variable within adult male Crotaphytus,<br />

ranging between cobalt blue, aquamarine, green,<br />

turquoise green, golden tan, straw yellow, brown,<br />

and gray. Females of all species except C. reticulatus<br />

are generally characterized by a more faded version<br />

of the color present in males of their species or by

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