Download Full Document - Mountain Boomer Music!

62 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32
erally compressed tail with dorsal and ventral fat
bodies), 65.1 (off-white dorsal caudal stripe present),
and 78.1 (enlarged inguinal patches in adult males).
The two unambiguous yet polymorphic transfor-
mations are 3 1.1 (number ofpremaxillary teeth, 0.0 1
ofone step under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN)
and 76.0 (dark nuchal spots lost, 6/24 of one step
under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN). Three
ambiguously placed transformations may also sup-
port this node: 24.0 (posterior mylohyoid foramen
equal with the apex of coronoid, 1/24 of one step
ACCTRAN), 47.1 (arch formed by contact of the
medial and lateral plantar tubercles, 2/24 ofone step
ACCTRAN), and 75.1 (ventral extent of posterior
collar marking just reaches forelimb insertion, fixed
ACCTRAN).
Stem J is supported by six unambiguously placed
transformations, two of which represent fixed
changes: 7 1.0 (loss of black oral melanin) and 75.2
(posterior collar terminates within antehumeral fold).
The unambiguous yet polymorphic transformations
include: I. 1 (nasal process of premaxilla narrow,
1/24 of one step under both ACCTRAN and DEL-
TRAN), 32.0 (palatine teeth lost, 8/24 of one step
under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN), 44.1 (cal-
cified cartilage anterior border of scapular fenestra
absent, 3/24 of one step under both ACCTRAN and
DELTRAN), and 95.4 or 95.5 (Pro, 0.1 1 of one step
under ACCTRAN, 0.41 under DELTRAN). This
stem may be further supported by two ambiguously
placed transformations, both of which were discov-
ered under ACCTRAN optimization: 89.3 (H-LDH,
fixed) and 94.3 (GOTs, fixed).
Stem K is weakly supported by two unambigu-
ously placed transformations, neither of which is
fixed: 45.1 (clavicular fenestrations present, 4/24 of
one step under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN)
and 83.1 (enlarged melanic axillary patches present,
18/24 of one step ACCTRAN, 15/24 of one step
DELTRAN). The stem may be further supported
by four ambiguously placed transformations: 70.0
(paired melanic keels absent from ventral caudal
extremity, 13/24 of one step ACCTRAN), 89.3
(H-LDH, tixed DELTRAN), 94.3 (GOTs, fixed
DELTRAN), and 95.4 (Pro, 0.11 of one step DEL-
TRAN).
Stem L is supported by seven unambiguously
placed synapomorphies, three of which are fixed:
73.1 (posterior collars widely separated), 75.3 (pos-
terior collar terminates ventrally before entering the
antehumeral fold), and 84.1 (olive green ventrolat-
era1 coloration present). Olive green ventrolateral
coloration is not a fixed state in C. vestigium as
northern populations are characterized by burnt-
orange ventrolateral coloration. This was an artifact
of the multistate character coding scheme employed
in this analysis and resulted at least in pan because
a satisfying estimate of the frequencies of the orange
and green ventrolateral conditions in C. vestigium
could not be obtained from preserved material. The
four unambiguous but polymorphic transforma-
tions include: 16.1 (acquisition of extravomerine
bones, 9/24 of one step under both ACCTRAN and
DELTRAN), 26.1 (bony shelf between medial pro-
cess of surangular and ramus of the mandible pres-
ent, 5/24 of one step under both ACCTRAN and
DELTRAN), 3 1.1 (number of premaxillary teeth,
0.14 of one step under both ACCTRAN and DEL-
TRAN), and 45.0 (ciavicular fenestrations lost, 2/24
of one step under both ACCTRAN and DEL-
TRAN). Finally, four ambiguously placed transfor-
mations may also support this node: 68.3 (presence
of slender, transversely arranged, white dorsal stripes,
fixed ACCTRAN), 9 1.1 (6-PGD, 0.1 2 of one step
ACCTRAN), 95.3 (Pro, 0.29 of one step ACCT-
RAN), and 96.1 (Est l,0.7 1 ofone step ACCTRAN).
In an attempt to assess the amount of character
support for each clade, bootstrap and decay index
analyses were performed for the combined data set.
From each of these analyses it is clear that a number
of clades are rather unstable. For example, in the
bootstrap analysis (Fig. 40), nodes G and H were
supported in less than 50 percent of the bootstrap
replications. Stems D and F also were found to be
relatively weakly supported with bootstrap propor-
tion values of 66 and 60, respectively. Despite its
low bootstrap P value, stem F is supported by four
fixed, unambiguous synapomorphies. The amount
of support for stem D may be underestimated be-
cause a number of derived character states were
coded as missing ("?') for the fossil taxon G. co-
ronat, thus rendering these transformations ambig-
uous when both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN op-
timization routines are considered. Notably, when
G. corona* is excluded from the analysis, the boot-
strap P value of stem D is 100. The remaining clades
appear to be well supported, given that Hillis and
Bull (1 993) found bootstrap proportions to be con-
servative estimates of stem support with P values
2 70 corresponding to a probability r 0.95 that the
corresponding clade is real.
The results of the decay index analysis (Fig. 41)