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BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32
tenor to apex of coronoid, 20/24 of one step under
both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN), 26.1 (bony shelf
between the median process and ramus of the man-
dible, 22/24 of one step under both ACCTRAN and
DELTRAN), 36.1 (second ceratobranchials widely
separated, fixed ACCTRAN, 16/24 of one step
DELTRAN), and 4 1.1 (one rather than two xiph-
isternal ribs, 20/24 of one step under both ACCT-
RAN and DELTRAN). This stem also may be sup-
ported by five ambiguously placed transformations,
the placements of which depend upon the optimi-
zation routine employed: 1.1 (nasal process of pre-
maxilla narrow, 5/24 of one step ACCTRAN), 7.1
(tubercle present on anterolateral portion of post-
orbital, 2/24 of one step ACCTRAN), 25.1 (poster-
olingual process of coronoid angled posterolaterally
at approximately 45 degrees, fixed ACCTRAN), 43.1
(posterior coracoid fenestrae absent, 8/24 of one
step DELTRAN), and 58.1 (postfemoral mite pock-
et present, fixed DELTRAN). Finally, this stem may
be further supported by as many as 12 unpolarized
characters: 8.0 (parietal roof not constricted poste-
riorly), 9.0 (supratemporal processes tapered), 13.0
(maxilla-palatine articulation in the form of a low,
rounded arch), 2 1.1 (posterior process of the ectop-
terygoid crest absent), 23.0 (angular does not extend
anteriorly beyond the fourth dentary tooth [counting
forward] and rarely extends beyond the posterior-
most tooth), 37.0 (skull nonrugose), 49.0 (supraor-
bital semicircles absent), 50.0 (subocular scale series
includes one very elongate scale), 55.1 (gular fold
without closely approximating posteromedial folds),
56.0 (supra-auricular fold horizontal), 59.0 (hemi-
penes large), and 82.1 (fully developed gular pattern
in females). It is equally parsimonious for each of
these characters to support stem E (Crotaphytus)
depending upon their true polarity assignments.
Stem C is supported by four unambiguous syna-
pomorphies, two of which are fixed: 5.1 (loss of a
vaulted cranium) and 20.0 (angle of the quadrate
processes of the pterygoid approximately 18 de-
grees). The polymorphic apomorphies are charac-
ters 3 1.1 (number of premaxillary teeth, 0.35 of one
step under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN) and
32.1 (palatine teeth present, 6/24 of one step ACCT-
RAN, 8/24 of one step DELTRAN). Nine more
potential synapomorphies depend upon the partic-
ular optimization routine employed. All but one of
these (didovered during ACCTRAN optimization
data runs) were coded as missing ("?') for G. co-
ronat and thus may actually represent synapomor-
phies for stem D: 1 1.1 (septomaxillae slender and
elongate, fixed), 15.1 (angle of jugal along antero-
ventral border of orbit approximately 90 degrees,
12/24 of one step), 24.1 (posterior mylohyoid fo-
ramen posterior to apex of coronoid, 2/24 of one
step), 4 1.1 (one rather than two xiphisternal ribs,
3/24 of one step), 42.0 (scapular notch absent, 5/24
of one step), 53.1 (femoral pores of approximately
equal size in males and females, fixed), 60.1 (females
attain larger adult SVL than males, fixed), and 87.1
(territoriality absent, fixed). Finally, 25.2 (postero-
lingual process of the coronoid angled posteroven-
trally at approximately 45 degrees) may represent a
fixed synapomorphy for this node (fixed DEL-
TRAN).
Stem D is supported by one unambiguous syna-
pomorphy: 1.1 (nasal process of premaxilla long and
slender, 19/24 of one step ACCTRAN, fixed DEL-
TRAN). It may be further supported by as many as
nine ambiguous (DELTRAN) characters including
six of the characters (with the same frequency val-
ues) discussed under stem C (1 1, 1 5,24,4 1,53,60)
for which G. coronat was coded as missing ("?').
The three remaining potential synapomorphies in-
clude: 7.1 (tubercle on anterolateral border of post-
orbital, 2/24 of one step), 10.1 (supratemporal lies
in a groove along ventral border of supratemporal
process, 21/24 of one step), and 40.1 (autotomic
fracture planes absent, 4/24 of one step).
Stem E (Crotaphytus) is supported by 24 unam-
biguous synapomorphies, 12 of which are fixed in-
cluding: 19.1 (paraoccipital processes extend pos-
terior to the occipital condyle), 27.1 (lateral process
of the surangular present as a large protuberance),
33.1 (pterygoid tooth patch curls posterolaterally),
34.1 (ceratohyals with hook-like processes on prox-
imal, medial edge), 35.1 (second ceratobranchials
more than two-thirds the length of the ceratohyals),
54.1 (skin of the distal portion of tail weakly ad-
herent to underlying musculature), 57.1 (presence
of antehumeral mite pockets), 6 1.1 (subadult males
acquire "gravid female" coloration), 66.1 (juvenile
color pattern composed of white reticulations), 72.1
(acquisition of a black collar or collars outlined in
white), 88.1 (lateral tail coiling behavior), and 98.3
(electromorph Tr). This stem is also supported by
12 unambiguously placed yet polymorphic trans-
formations depending upon the optimization rou-
tine employed: 10.1 (supratemporal lies in a groove
along ventral border of supratemporal process, 1/24
of one step ACCTRAN, 22/24 of one step DEL-