Download Full Document - Mountain Boomer Music!

Recommendations

Info

1996 McGUIRE- SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHY TID LIZARDS 57 just reaches forelimb insertion, (2) terminates (I) golden tan; (2) straw yellow; (3) aquamarine within antehumeral fold, (3) terminates before to cobalt blue; (4) brown; (5) olive green, turentering antehumeral fold. 76. Dark nuchal spots (P): (0) absent, (I) present. quoise, or gray. 77. Inguinal patches (P): (0) absent, (I) present. 78. Inguinal patches (U): (0) small, (1) large (taxa without inguinal patches coded as unknown ["?"I) 79. Femoral pore secretions (P): (0) off-white to gray, (1) black. 80. Black pigmentation in central region of gular BEHAVIOR 86. Saxicoly (including the use of saltatory bipedal locomotion in rocky habitats) (U): (0) absent, (1) present. 87. Territoriality (P): (0) present, (1) absent. 88. Lateral tail coiling (P): (0) absent, (1) present. pattern (U): (0) absent, (1) present. 8 1. Peripheral gular pattern (U): (0) reticulated, (1) pale spots or radiating oblique stripes. 82. Gular pattern (U): (0) present only in adults and well developed in males only, (1) well developed in all age classes and in both sexes. 83. Enlarged melanic axillary patches (P): (0) absent, (1) present. 84. Ventrolateral coloration (P, UO): (0) does not differ from ventral coloration (white), (1) olive green, (2) orange, (3) blue. 85. Dorsal coloration (U, UO): (0) off-white to tan; ALLozYMES 89. H-LDH (U): four electromorphs. 90. aGPD (U): two electromorphs. 9 1. 6-PGD (U): three electromorphs. 92. ICDs (U): four electromorphs. 93. ICDm (U): four electromorphs. 94. GOTs (U): three electromorphs. 95. Pro (U): two electromorphs. 96. Est 1 (U): three electromorphs. 97. Hbpf (U): two electromorphs. 98. Tr (U): four electromorphs. An initial analysis was performed on the morphological data set of 88 characters (allozyme data of Montanucci et al. [I9751 not included). This resulted in the discovery of a single tree (Fig. 37) with a length of 12,334 (123.34 when the effect of weight- ing the characters is removed) and a consistency index (CI; excluding uninformative characters) of 0.761, a retention index (RI) of 0.848, and a g, tree length frequency distribution skewness value of - 1.49 (the critical g, value for this data set when randomized is -0.16 [P 5 0.01 1); Table 1). This CI is greater than that expected for an analysis of 13 taxa (expected CI = 0.649; Sanderson and Dono- ghue, 1989), indicating that there is less homoplasy than expected in these data when compared with the 60 data sets reexamined by Sanderson and Don- oghue (1989). The g, value is strongly left skewed suggesting that the data are phylogenetically informative. The tree generated in the bootstrap analysis is presented in Figure 38. Reanalysis of the allozyme data set of Montanucci et al. (1 975) using the Manhattan distance frequency approach resulted in the discovery of a single most parsimonious tree (Fig. 39A). The tree length frequency distribution data, summarized by the g, sta- RESULTS tistic (Hillis and Huelsenbeck, 1992), suggests that there is phylogenetically informative signal in this data set (observed g, value of -0.50; the critical g, value for this data set when randomized is -0.45 [P r 0.011). The bootstrap tree for the analysis is given in Figure 39B (see comments below regarding interpretation of bootstrap P values). Because analysis of both the morphological and allozyme data sets suggests that they contain phy- logenetic signal, these data sets were combined and the larger data set was analyzed. Analysis of the combined morphology and allozyme data sets resulted in the same tree as did the analysis of the morphology data alone (Fig. 37). The tree length is 139.91, while the C1 (excluding uninformative characters) for the combined tree is 0.761, the RI is 0.848, and the g, value is - 1.45 (critical g, value = -0.15 [P I 0.0 I]). PAUP is unable to incorporate the step matrix characters into the CI and RI cal- culations, which explains why the CI and RI values are identical to those discovered in the analysis of the morphological data alone. The g, and CI values indicate that the data harbor substantial phyloge- netic signal. The 50 percent majority-rule consensus tree generated in the bootstrap analysis of the com-
BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32 G. copei G. wislizenii G. coronat G. silus C. reticulatus C. collaris C. antiquus C. nebrius C. dickersonae C. grismeri C. bicinctores C. vestigium C. insularis Fig. 37.-Cladogram discovered in the morphology-only and combined morphology + allozymes data analyses. bined data set is presented in Figure 40. The bootstrap analysis and g, values indicate that there is similar support for tree A with or without the allozyme data. Reanalysis of the allozyme data set using the polymorphic coding and Mabee and Humphries (1 993) approaches each resulted in different trees than that estimated using the step matrix approach. However, the combined analyses always resulted in the same tree as the morphology data alone, regardless of the coding approach employed with the allozyme data. Character support for each stem of the cladogram discovered in the combined analysis (Fig. 37) is presented below. A complete listing of apomorphies, including the autapomorphies of the terminal taxa, is presented in Appendix 5. Transformations that are described as "unambiguous" are supported under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN optimization. Therefore, when a node is described as "ambigu- ously" supported by a particular character state change, this means that the character in question G. copei G. wislizenii G. corona f G. silus C. rericulatus C. collaris C. nebrius C. antiquus I C. dickersonae C. grismeri C. bicinctores C. vestigium \ C. insularis Fig. 38.-The 50 percent majority-rule consensus tree generated from the bootstrap analysis of the morphology-only data set. supports this node under either ACCTRAN or DELTRAN optimization but not under both. "Fixed" transformations are those that involve a change from one fixed state to another (state "a" to state "y," or vice versa). When a transformation is not fixed it may be referred to as "polymorphic." Such transformations involve incomplete changes (for example from state "a" to state "m") and re- ceive a reduced weight due to the frequency coding approach employed. Unambiguous fixed transformations include those character state changes from one fixed state to another that are discovered under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN optimization. Stem A (Crotaphytidae) is supported by 1 1 unambiguous transformations. Five of the synapo- morphies represent fixed character state changes: 4.1 (prefrontals contact jugals), 6.1 (parietal and frontal strongly overlap the postorbital), 14.1 (jugal-ectop- terygoid tubercle present), 29.1 (tympanic crest of the retroarticular process curves posteroventrally), and 7 1.1 (black oral melanin present, reversed in
Page 1 and 2:
OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTO
Page 3 and 4:
BULLETIN OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATU
Page 5 and 6:
...................................
Page 7 and 8:
2 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATUR
Page 9 and 10:
4 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATUR
Page 11 and 12: 6 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATUR
Page 13 and 14: 8 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATUR
Page 15 and 16: BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL
Page 21 and 22: 16 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATU
Page 39 and 40: BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSE .UM OF NATUR
Page 45: BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL
Page 48 and 49: this taxon is tentatively coded as
Page 50 and 51: McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 54 and 55: 1996 McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPH
Page 56 and 57: C. nebrius. at least three easily r
Page 70 and 71: McGUIRE- SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 78 and 79: es, and the absence of extravomerin
Page 86 and 87: McGUIRE- SYSTEM.4TICS OF CROTAPHYTI
Page 94 and 95: spersed with numerous interstitial
Page 96 and 97: of the Tucson Valley in the Santa C
Page 98 and 99: C. vestigiurn by the absence in adu
Page 112 and 113:
McGUIRE-SY STEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 114 and 115:
1996 McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPH
Page 116 and 117:
McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
1996 McGUIRE- SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAP
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
yaaaa aaaay ????? yaaaa yaaaa ayayy
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
McGUIRE-SY STEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 142 and 143:
Cbrr- Branch acler Steps 31 38 33 2
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146:
show all

Download Full Document - Mountain Boomer Music!

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?