Download Full Document - Mountain Boomer Music!

Recommendations

Info

A revision of the alpha taxonomy of Crotaphytidae revealed that there are at least 12 and probably 13 species. A data set including 88 characters drawn from osteology, squamation, soA tissues, color pattern, life history, and behavior was collected. In addition, an allozyme data set composed of ten phylopnetically informative characters was obtained from the literature. Analysis of these data resulted in the following hypothesis of relationships: ((Gambelia silus (G. coronat (G. copei + G. wislizenii))) + (Cro- taphyrus reticulatus (C. collaris (C. antiquus (C. nebrius (C. dick- ersonae (C. grismeri (C. bicinctores (C. insularis + C. vesrig- ium))))))))). Although little character evidence in suppon of crotaphytid monophyly has been presented in the literature (Eth- eridge and de Queiroz, 1988; Frost and Etheridge, 1989), crotaphytid monophyly was found to be strongly supported with five fixed, unambiguous synapomorphies. Strong support was also discovered for monophyly of Crotaphytus (12 fixed, unambiguous synapomorphies) and Gambelia (six fixed, unambig- ABSTRACT uous synapomorphies). The hypothesis of relationshipsestimated here was used to address life history and morphological evolution within the group including the relationship between head morphology and diet, the evolution of display-oriented morphology in males, the evolution of bipedal locomotion, and a functional consideration of gravid coloration. A taxonomic account is provided for Crotaphytidae, Crotaphytus, Gambelia, and each species. Each species account includes a synonymy, an etymology, a diagnosis for the species, a detailed description of scalation and coloration, a section describing maximum adult size as well as size dimorphism, a description of the species geographic distribution with a dot distribution map, an account of the known fossil record, a summary of available natural history information, and a listing of references that provide illustrations of the species. Separate dichotomous keys are provided for males, females, and juveniles of Crotaphytus and Gambelia.
2 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 32 Lizards of the family Crotaphytidae (collared and leopard lizards) are among the most familiar squa- mates of western North America. This familiarity probably stems from their relatively large size (com- pared to other North American lizards), often vi- brant coloration, predatory lifestyle, and pugnacious habits. Crotaphytidae, one of nine iguanian families proposed by Frost and Etheridge (1 989), is currently comprised of two genera, Crotaphytus (seven or eight species) and Gambelia (three species), that range from southern Idaho in the northwestern United States, southward into southern Baja California and northern Mexico, and eastward into the states of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. They have been the subject of numerous studies of ecology, physi- ology, reproduction, hybridization, and historical biogeography, and many of these studies have addressed questions of a historical nature (e.g., Savage, 1960; Montanucci, 1970; Ingram and Tanner, 197 1 ; Axtell, 1972; Smith and Tanner, 1974; Montanucci et al., 1975; Tanner and Banta, 1 977; Tanner, 1978; Sanborn and Loomis, 1979; Tollestrup, 1979, 1983; Murphy, 1983; Welsh, 1988). However, despite sev- eral important systematic analyses of the group (Smith and Tanner, 1972, 1974; Montanucci et al., The earliest accounts of crotaphytid lizards were closely associated with the joint military-scientific exploratory expeditions of the American frontier. In fact, it was only shortly after the epic Lewis and Clark expedition of 1803-1806 that the first crotaphytid species was described. As a member of a party headed by Major Stephen H. Long that was exploring the Great Plains, Thomas Say collected and later described Agama collaris (James, 1823). Agama collaris was later placed as the sole member of the newly erected genus Crotaphytus by Holbrook (1 842) in his classic account of the North American herpeto fauna. A second crotaphytid species, Crotaphytus kvislizenii, was obtained at Santa Fe (New Mexico) by Dr. Wislizenus, an army surgeon, who made the collection during the Mexican-American War of 1846-1 848. This species was first described by Baird and Girard (1 852a), and a more detailed description was given by the authors (1852~) shortly thereafter in Stansbury (1 852). From their first formal descrip- INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL REVIEW 1975), phylogenetic relationships within Crotaphy- tidae remain largely unresolved. Although the monophyly of the group has never been questioned, few derived characters have yet been offered to support this contention (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988; Frost and Etheridge, 1989). The same can be said for the monophyly of the genera. The phylogenetic relationships of the group have been addressed using cladistic methodology only once (Montanucci et al., 1975), and that study predated important meth- odological advances in cladistics, such as outgroup analysis (Watrous and Wheeler, 198 1; Maddison et al., 1984). There are three primary goals of the present study. The first goal is to revise the alpha taxonomy of Crotaphytidae in order to provide a better under- standing of species diversity within the group as well as an appropriate selection of terminal taxa for phylogenetic analysis. The second goal is to provide an estimate of the phylogenetic relationships of Cro- taphytidae. The third goal is to use this phylogeny to investigate morphological and life history evolution among crotaphytids and provide a taxonomy that is logically consistent with the evolutionary history of the group. tions, crotaphytid lizards have been thought to form a natural group, despite the difficulty that more re- cent students have had in discovering synapomorphies. In August of the same year, Baird and Girard (1 8526) described two additional species of Crora- phytus: C. dorsalis from the desert of Colorado, and C. gambelii, for which locality data was lacking, although it was thought to have been collected in California. In December, Hallowell (1 852) described a fourth species, C. fasciatus (a junior syn- onym of G. wislizenii), from the sand hills at the lower end of Jornada del Muerte, New Mexico. Hal- lowell's specimens were part of Samuel Wood- house's collections made during the early 1850s, again emphasizing the important role that the early expeditions of the American West played in crotaphytid taxonomy. In 1854, Hallowell proposed the genus Dipsosaurus for C. dorsalis. Dumkril (1 8 56) transferred Crotaphytus collaris to the genus Leiosaurus, a decision that was very
Page 1 and 2: OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTO
Page 3 and 4: BULLETIN OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATU
Page 5: ...................................
Page 9 and 10: 4 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATUR
Page 15 and 16: BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL
Page 21 and 22: 16 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATU
Page 39 and 40: BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSE .UM OF NATUR
Page 45: BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL
Page 48 and 49: this taxon is tentatively coded as
Page 50 and 51: McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 52 and 53: McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 54 and 55: 1996 McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPH
Page 56 and 57:
C. nebrius. at least three easily r
Page 58 and 59:
McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 60 and 61:
1996 McGUIRE-SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPH
Page 62 and 63:
1996 McGUIRE- SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAP
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
McGUIRE- SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
es, and the absence of extravomerin
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
McGUIRE- SYSTEM.4TICS OF CROTAPHYTI
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
spersed with numerous interstitial
Page 96 and 97:
of the Tucson Valley in the Santa C
Page 98 and 99:
C. vestigiurn by the absence in adu
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
McGUIRE-SY STEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
1996 McGUIRE- SYSTEMATICS OF CROTAP
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
yaaaa aaaay ????? yaaaa yaaaa ayayy
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
McGUIRE-SY STEMATICS OF CROTAPHYTID
Page 142 and 143:
Cbrr- Branch acler Steps 31 38 33 2
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146:
show all

Download Full Document - Mountain Boomer Music!

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?