Marlowe's Edward II as "Actaeonesque History" - Connotations

Marlowe's Edward II as "Actaeonesque History" 29
rendering, in the sense that Ovid does not provide-to use Oifford Leech's
criticism of Edward-a "program" or an "overt affirmation." The tale is
characterized by its indeterminacy and inconclusiveness-as well as by
the fact that these opposing ideas about the justice of Actaeon's fate are
so much discussed. Marlowe finds in this murkiness and contentious debate
an ideal metaphor and forum for English history. He capitalizes upon
Ovid's "Rumor in ambiguo est" -"Common talk wavered this way and
that." 70 Edward's "murmuring commons" (II.ii.lS7)-with perhaps an echo
of Golding's "muttring" of opinion-also hold mixed ideas about their
monarch. Some are openly critical, others supportive, and yet others
"waver." At Edward's lowest, "the commons now begin to pity him," says
Mortimer (Y.iv.2).
Pity is a crucial, complex concept in both the Actaeon myth and Edward 11.
Actaeon's suffering is intense, and engenders pity:
No part of him was free from wound. He could none other do
But sigh and in the shape of Hart with voyce as Hartes are wont,
(For voyce of man was none now left to help him at the brunt)
By breying shew his secret grief amount the Mountaynes hie,
And kneeling sadly on his knees with dreerie teares in eye,
As one by humbling of himselfe that mercy seem de to crave,
With piteous look instead of hands his head about to wave.71
The hart-like Edward in his fall also inspires pity, as many commentators
have observed. 72 He is entirely different from the exhibitionistic hedonist
of the play's opening; he has lost all. "What, are you moved? Pity you me?"
he asks as he relinquishes his crown (Y.i.1D2); and Marlowe does shift the
sympathies. In Edward's mental and physical agony, and final pathetic
demeanor, he is humanized. As in Ovid, with the "piteous" sighing of the
hart near death, Marlowe's suffering Edward in his death throes inspires
pity. Even the murderous Matrevis senses some pathos: "I fear me this
cry will raise the town" and rally public support, he frets (Y.v.113). In
Holinshed, Edward's "crie did move many in the castell and the town to
. ,,73
compassIOn.
And yet in both Ovid and Marlowe, interpretive inconclusiveness in
the face of intense suffering renders the pity almost meaningless. The