The Geography of Phytochemical Races

2.7 North and Central America 83
were identifi ed: 1 California; 2 Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Colorado;
3 Wyoming and western Colorado; and 4 Nebraska. Differences among the populations
were based upon both the nature of the aglycones and the glycosidic forms
in which they occur. Profi les within each pigment race were qualitatively invariant.
The results are summarized in Table 2.17 where data are listed for presence of the
parent aglycones, the entire array of glycosides, and the summed glycosides, for
example, total arabinosides. Several distinguishing features can be pointed out in
the array. Races 3 and 4 can be recognized by the presence of kaempferol [183] and
quercetin 7-methyl ethers [184] (See Fig. 2.52 for structures 183–189). The capacity
for O-methylation is not unique to those populations, however, since all four
races have the capacity to make isorhamnetin (quercetin 3′-methyl ether) [185].
Table 2.17 Flavonoids of Chenopodium fremontii (from Crawford and Mabry, 1978)
Compound(s) Populations a
1 2 3 4
Kaempferol (K) + + + +
Quercetin (Q) + + + +
Isorhamnetin (IR) + + + +
Kaempferol 7-methyl (KM) − − + +
Quercetin 7-methyl (QM) − − + +
K Arabinoside + − − −
K Galactoside + + + +
K Glucoside + + + +
K Robinobioside + + + −
K Sophoroside − − + −
K Gal-Rhm + + − −
KM Galactoside − − + +
KM Glucoside − − + +
QM Galactoside − − + +
Q Arabinoside + − − −
Q Galactoside + + + +
Q Glucoside + + + +
Q Rutinoside − + − −
Q Robinobioside − + − −
Q Sophoroside + − − +
IR Arabinoside + − − −
IR Galactoside + + + +
IR Glucoside + + + +
IR Rutinoside − + − −
IR Robinobioside + + − −
Arabinosides + − − −
Galactosides + + + +
Glucosides + + + +
Robinobiosides + + + −
Rutinosides − + − −
Gal-Rhm + + − −
a Populations: 1 = California; 2 = Arizona, New Mexico, and
southern Colorado; 3 = Wyoming and western Colorado; 4 =
Nebraska.