The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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50 2 Examples Within Continents Fig. 2.28 Partial map of Western Europe showing location of the Pyrenees, the Jura, and the Alps from which Pinus uncinata populations were sampled Table 2.9 Quercetin levels in Pinus uncinatus (from Lauranson and Lebreton, 1991) Location Mtns./Country a Coordinates Elev (m) Q%V b [Q] c p(a) d Osseja Pyrenees (Fr) 42°25′N, 1°58′E 1960–2080 30 9.0 ± 1.1 0.87 Gavarnie Pyrenees (Fr) 42°44′N, 0°1′W 1600–1750 35 11.5 ± 1.6 0.65 Vanoise Alps (Fr) 45°17′N, 6°54′E 1720 17 16.8 ± 1.1 0.25 Valais Alps (Sw) 46°18′N, 7°8′E 1525 27 12.3 ± 1.3 0.55 Le Creux Jura (Sw) 46°57′N, 6°45′E 981 33 8.7 ± 1.2 0.89 du Van a Fr = France, Sw = Switzerland. b Average percentage of variation contributed by quercetin in each population. c Average concentration of quercetin per population as % of total fl avonoids. d Frequency of the a allele in each population. Fig. 2.29 Compounds 106–110, fl avonoids from Pinus uncinata from Sao Jorge, Azores
2.4 The Mediterranean Basin 51 intermediate, and low levels of quercetin, respectively, the authors calculated values for p, the frequency of the a allele. Their results also appear in the table. This method of analysis, which has also been used quite successfully in the discussion of monoterpene differences, which will appear below, provides a means to convert descriptive secondary metabolite data into a potentially more meaningful format. In this instance, it clearly demonstrates differences in the genetic composition of the respective populations of P. uncinata, although no easily interpreted pattern has emerged. One point should be raised that was not dealt with in the Lauranson and Lebreton (1991) paper. It would appear that the authors examined the concentration values of the individual fl avonols at face value without considering likely or possible biosynthetic relationships. In particular, isorhamnetin is produced by O-methylation of quercetin. Total quercetin produced would then be the sum of quercetin per se plus the amount of isorhamnetin present. This value, refl ecting total 3′,4′- dioxygenated fl avonols, would be the more accurate measure of allele frequency. 2.4 The Mediterranean Basin 2.4.1 Withania somnifera (Solanaceae) Several literature reports describe efforts to identify the component(s) of Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. responsible for the sedative, hypnotic, and antiseptic properties of the plant. Those studies included material collected in South Africa and in different parts of India. Although none of the earlier studies resulted in the establishment of a detailed structure, it did become evident that plants from different areas exhibited different chemistries. Examination of the nonalkaloidal components of W. somnifera from different regions of Israel also revealed chemical heterogeneity, leading to a more detailed study of this species (Abraham et al., 1968). The study, which involved 24 populations, showed that three well-defi ned chemotypes exist in Israel (Fig. 2.30). Chemotype 1, the most widespread of the three, consists of three compounds [111], known as “withaferin-A”, its dihydro derivative [112], and the hydroxyl derivative [113]. Chemotype 2, confi ned to northern Israel, consists of the single compound [114]. Chemotype 3, found in fi ve sites along the southern coastal plain, consists of the most complex array of compounds (at least seven) of the sort represented by structures [115 and 116] (see Fig. 2.31 for structures 111–116). Examination of eight individual plants of chemotype III showed identical profi les. Common garden studies revealed that the withanolide profi les of plants grown from seed were identical to those of plants in the wild and cultivated plants of all three types sampled at intervals throughout their growth showed only quantitative changes in withanolide content. The authors did not speculate as to how these populations had become differentiated.
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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118 2 Examples Within Continents Ta
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120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
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122 2 Examples Within Continents un
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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218 5 Wide Disjunctions consisting
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220 5 Wide Disjunctions and, unrela
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222 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.3 Co
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226 5 Wide Disjunctions differences
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228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been i
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230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
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234 5 Wide Disjunctions Southern He
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236 5 Wide Disjunctions obtained. E
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238 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.4 O
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240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
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242 5 Wide Disjunctions comparable
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244 5 Wide Disjunctions J. Agardh f
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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270 6 Oceanic Islands appropriate p
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
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278 6 Oceanic Islands the present c
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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284 6 Oceanic Islands to support re
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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