The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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Acknowledgments I thank many workers, too numerous to list, who have provided reprints, preprints, and general information on the subject of chemical races. Special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Tod Stuessy, Institut für Botanik, Universität Wien, for his help with the literature on this and other projects, and for encouragement and support over the years. I am also very grateful to Prof. Dr. Eckhard Wollenweber, Institut für Botanik der TU Darmstadt, for his friendship and collegiality over the years, for access to unpublished data, and for rendering the Abstract in German, thus saving everyone from having to suffer my abuse of his beautiful language. I also thank Mapthematics Ltd. of Renton, Washington who assisted me in acquiring the mapping program Geocart Version 2.6 with which the maps in this review were prepared. vii
Abstract The discovery of chemical races was one of the important outcomes of the “chemotaxonomic age,” providing systematists with another tool in the search for relationships. The subject was discussed in a few review articles at the time, but, by and large, receded into the background as more powerful techniques, generally referred to as molecular biology, came on stream. This review is an attempt to update the subject of chemical races by bringing together an assortment of examples from the literature where geographically distinct profi les in the occurrence of secondary metabolites have been described. The examples are sorted into several general categories, within which examples are further arranged according to geographical areas. The fi rst major category involves disjunctions that occur more or less within continents, with some obvious exceptions such as some African taxa that not only occur primarily on the continent but are also represented on Madagascar or on the Canary Islands. The second category is similar to the fi rst, but specifi cally addresses distributions likely caused by retreat of glaciers. The third category treats intercontinental disjunctions; category four is similar, but treats examples characterized by wide disjunctions that do not fi t easily into the intercontinental group. Category four also includes several examples from the lichen chemistry literature. Category fi ve features disjunctions involving oceanic islands, while polar disjunctions are covered in the fi nal section. Inclusion of an example in a particular category is admittedly arbitrary. Examples in the postglacial group, for instance, could just as easily have been included within the continental group, but were given special consideration because most of the workers involved with those taxa discussed their results in terms of refugia and postglacial migration. Some taxa appear under two or more categories. For example, some taxa within Chrysosplenium are disjunct between Asia and North America, others between North America and Europe, and still others between Asia and South America. At closer focus, one fi nds sectional disjunctions between eastern and western North America, and in one case, populational differences within a species. Unfortunately, few systems have been examined this thoroughly, as will be noted in several places below. In a few cases, information obtained from macromolecular methods is included where such data might have a bearing on interpretation of how a given secondary metabolic profi le could have come about. Specifi cally, it is possible to speculate on ix
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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