The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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42 2 Examples Within Continents Fig. 2.23 Map of southern coastal France in the region from which samples of Cistus albidus were obtained Fig. 2.24 Compound 88 from Cistus albidus, Compounds 89–94 from Cistus monspeliensis Table 2.6 Essential-oil composition of Cistus albidus from different substrates (from Robles and Garzino, 1998) Compound Substrate Calcareous Siliceous β-Bourbonene 10.8 ± 1.3 a 15.4 ± 6.9 β-Caryophyllene 31.9 ± 10.9 20.0 ± 5.6 allo-Aromadendrene 32.2 ± 6.9 21.2 ± 9.0 α-Curcurmene 31.3 ± 14.9 41.1 ± 15.3 α-Zingiberene 77.9 ± 17.0 76.4 ± 31.6 Unknown 17.5 ± 0.7 24.1 ± 12.1 a Concentration expressed in µg/µl sample injected (GLC).
2.3 Europe 43 Table 2.7 Essential-oil composition of Cistus monospeliensis from different substrates (from Robles and Garzino, 2000) Compound Substrate Calcareous Siliceous α-Cadinol 3.17 ± 1.43a Not detected Unknown (peak N) 37.62 ± 16.58 15.16 ± 9.79 α-Bisabolol 34.96 ± 32.49 1.60 ± 0.67 Unknown (peak R) 12.54 ± 6.81 30.70 ± 14.10 Diterpene (peak T) 45.03 ± 19.26 84.75 ± 40.50 a Concentration expressed in µg/µl sample injected (GLC). Additional information on essential oil variation in C. monspeliensis comes from a study by Angelopoulou et al. (2002) who were interested in diurnal and seasonal patterns. Signifi cant differences were noted during both time periods. It would be of interest to learn what effects cultivation in a common garden environment would have on oil expression in these species. A second study featuring Cistus involves an analysis of the essential oils of plants collected from nine sites on the island of Crete, three from the western end of the island and six from the eastern end (Angelopoulou et al., 2001). In the study, 114 compounds were identifi ed, although many of them were present in very small amounts and only in some populations. Few compounds could be described as dominant with the possible exception of carvacrol [89] (see Fig. 2.24 for structures 89–91), which was present at the level of 20.23% in one of the eastern populations, 11.13% in another, and was absent from only one of the nine populations. Caryophyllene oxide [90] reached 11.24% in one population and had one of the more consistent ranges, with the lowest percentage being 2.86%. Other compounds of note are dehydroabietol [91], which reached 10.01% in one population, and hexadecanoic acid (C-16 acid; 16:0) whose contributions ranged from 4.24% to 20.63% with the highest concentrations recorded for two of the western populations. Numerical analyses of the total data set revealed considerable structure in the data set with clear-cut distinction between an eastern and western chemotypes. Those authors failed to fi nd any variation in morphological features throughout the range of this taxon on Crete. Comparisons with other species of Cistus in Greece—numbering seven—is not possible owing to the lack of comparable studies on the other taxa. While referring to the island of Crete, it is convenient to look briefl y at a recent study of monoterpenoid diversity of Origanum microphyllum (Lamiaceae) on the island. Extremes in monoterpene composition ranged from specimens rich in sabinene [92] (see Fig. 2.24) and its trans-hydrate derivative to specimens rich in cissabinene hydrate (Gotsiou et al., 2002). No geographic patterning was observed among the populations whose chemistries were not altered by growth in common garden experiments. The paper by those workers offers excellent leading references to patterns of variation in other members of Lamiaceae.
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
Page 8 and 9: x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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Page 18 and 19: 2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
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122 2 Examples Within Continents un
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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218 5 Wide Disjunctions consisting
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220 5 Wide Disjunctions and, unrela
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222 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.3 Co
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226 5 Wide Disjunctions differences
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228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been i
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230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
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234 5 Wide Disjunctions Southern He
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236 5 Wide Disjunctions obtained. E
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238 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.4 O
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240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
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242 5 Wide Disjunctions comparable
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244 5 Wide Disjunctions J. Agardh f
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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270 6 Oceanic Islands appropriate p
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
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278 6 Oceanic Islands the present c
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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284 6 Oceanic Islands to support re
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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