The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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20 2 Examples Within Continents Table 2.2 Occurrence of sesquiterpenes and aromatic esters in the liverwort, Isotachis lyallii, in New Zealand (from Asakawa et al., 1997) Compoundsa South Island North Island Bicyclogermacrene [44] ++ b ++ Anastreptene [45] +++ +++ Aromadendrene [46] + − Spathulenol [47] + ++ Benzyl benzoate [48] − ++ Phenylethyl cis-cinnamate ++ − Phenylethyl trans-cinnamate a Structures shown in Fig. 2.9. b Relative concentrations. ++++ − bicyclogermacrene [44] (see Fig. 2.9 for structures 44–49), anastreptene [45], aromadendrene [46], and spathulenol [47], while the ester array consisted of benzyl benzoate [48] and both isomers of β-phenylethyl cinnamate [49]. The occurrence of these compounds from the North Island and South Island are given in Table 2.2. The authors suggested that spathulenol might be an artifact formed from bicyclogermacrene by autooxidation, as shown by Toyota et al. (1996). Nonetheless, spathulenol might also be derived from aromadendrene by enzymatic oxidation. If that were the case, the absence of aromadendrene in the profi le of North Island plants might also be explained by its effi cient conversion to the hydroxylated derivative, spathulenol. The authors reported that the concentration of spathulenol was higher in the North Island plants, which is in accord with the more effi cient utilization of its precursor. It is not possible to conclude much on the ester differences other than that it is possible that either or both of the precursor fragments could be lacking. The authors noted as well that plants from the South Island also had the phytosterols campestrol and stigmastrol; no comments on that apparent difference were offered. 2.2.6 Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) Leptospermum scoparium J.R. & F. Forst, known by the Maori name “manuka,” occurs widely throughout New Zealand. Owing to the potential of manuka as an oilproducing species, Perry et al. (1997a) investigated the steam-volatile components of specimens representing much of its range in New Zealand as well as specimens grown in a common garden. Gas chromatographic analysis of the distillates from 15 sites showed some 50 or so peaks that represented three groups of compounds, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and “triketones.” Three chemotypes emerged from these analyses that agreed reasonably well with morphological differences that had been noted earlier (unpublished observations of W. Harris cited in the current paper). A northern chemotype was distinguished on the basis of its high concentration of α-pinene, an East Cape chemotype was characterized by the presence of high concentrations of the triketones leptospermone [50], isoleptospermone [51], and fl avesone [52] (see Figs. 2.10 and 2.11 for structures 50–52), and a southern
2.2 Australia and New Zealand 21 Fig. 2.10 Triketones, compounds 50–52, and fl avonoids, compounds 53–56 from Leptospermum scoparium Fig. 2.11 Map of New Zealand showing general locations of the three chemotypes of Leptospermum scoparium
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Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgments I thank many worker
Page 8 and 9: x Abstract which biosynthetic step
Page 10 and 11: xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
Page 12 and 13: xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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Page 18 and 19: 2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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218 5 Wide Disjunctions consisting
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220 5 Wide Disjunctions and, unrela
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222 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.3 Co
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226 5 Wide Disjunctions differences
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228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been i
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230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
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234 5 Wide Disjunctions Southern He
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236 5 Wide Disjunctions obtained. E
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238 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.4 O
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240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
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242 5 Wide Disjunctions comparable
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244 5 Wide Disjunctions J. Agardh f
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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270 6 Oceanic Islands appropriate p
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
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278 6 Oceanic Islands the present c
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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