The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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14 2 Examples Within Continents (4) a group consisting of limonene and α-pinene as codominant constituents. The northern-most region was dominated by a race, represented by six sites, in which citronellal was the major component, with concentrations ranging from 36.98% to 62.24% (Ave. = 48.32%). No other site yielded oil with higher than 25.63% citronellal. The southernmost race (six sites) had limonene as the dominant terpene, with concentrations falling in the range 43.18–56.92% (Ave. = 49.91%). The highest concentration of limonene observed otherwise was 42.98% in one of the codominant races. Populations in the middle of the range of this species tended to exhibit mixed terpene compositions. The workers concluded that the citronellal race should best be considered as an ecotype that has only recently evolved, a view supported in fl oral bud and leaf morphology. 2.2.2 Duboisia myoporoides (Solanaceae) The genus Duboisia consists of three species limited in occurrence to eastern Australia (Fig. 2.6) and parts of New Guinea. Duboisia myoporoides R. Br., the taxon of interest to us in the present context, is solely Australian in its occurrence. Evidence for the existence of chemical variation within the species was fi rst described by Loftus Hills et al. (1953, 1954) who observed that scopolamine [26] (see Fig. 2.7 for structures 26–30) was the dominant alkaloid in plants collected north of Gosford, New South Wales, whereas hyoscyamine [27] was the dominant alkaloid in collections south of Gosford. (Gosford, NSW, lies roughly between Newcastle and Sydney at 33°25′S, 151°18′E.) Later, a third variant was discovered in a region known as the Acacia Plateau, near Killarney, Queensland (southwest of Brisbane), that was characterized by the possession of the pyridine-based alkaloids, nicotine [28] and anabasine [29] (see also Mortimer and Wilkinson, 1957). Other minor components reported, according to Gritsanapan and Griffi n (1991), included valeroidine, valtropine, tigloidine, tropine, butropine, norscopoline, poroidine, isoporoidine, acetyltropine, aposcopolamine, noratropine, atropine, and tetramethylputrescine. None of these appears to fi gure signifi cantly in the geographic patterning. The most recent work, by Gritsanapan and Griffi n (1991), extended the range of study to more northerly sites in Queensland and included populations at different elevations. Four sites were studied: (1) northern Queensland at elevation 1000 m; (2) near Tinaroo Dam on the Atherton Plateau (near Cairns, Qld.) at 2200 m; (3) Mt. Glorious (near Brisbane) at 700 m; and (4) a revisited site at Acacia Plateau at an elevation of about 1000 m. Scopolamine was the major alkaloid present in plant material from Tinaroo Dam, from Mt. Glorious, and from coastal northern Queensland. Accompanying scopolamine in the Mt. Glorious plants were nicotine and anabasine. Plants from Acacia Plateau yielded a small amount of scopolamine, which was the only tropane alkaloid detected, but major quantities of nicotine, anabasine, and hygrine [30]. Hygrine was also observed as a lesser component of plant material from the Mt. Glorious site. It is instructive to recognize that hygrine, or a biologically active form thereof, lies on the biosynthetic pathway leading to the
2.2 Australia and New Zealand 15 Fig. 2.6 Map of Eastern Australia and Tasmania showing places referred to in the discussion of Duboisia myoporoides tropane alkaloids. Thus, the presence of hygrine as a major alkaloid, replacing scopolamine in this instance, represents not so much the replacement of one alkaloid by another, as the accumulation of an intermediate owing, presumably, to the absence or reduced functionality of at least one enzyme in the pathway. It would be of interest to determine which enzyme is involved.
Page 2 and 3: The Geography of Phytochemical Race
Page 4 and 5: Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgments I thank many worker
Page 8 and 9: x Abstract which biosynthetic step
Page 10 and 11: xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
Page 12 and 13: xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
Page 14 and 15: xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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Page 18 and 19: 2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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218 5 Wide Disjunctions consisting
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220 5 Wide Disjunctions and, unrela
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222 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.3 Co
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226 5 Wide Disjunctions differences
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228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been i
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230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
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234 5 Wide Disjunctions Southern He
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236 5 Wide Disjunctions obtained. E
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238 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.4 O
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240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
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242 5 Wide Disjunctions comparable
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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270 6 Oceanic Islands appropriate p
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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