The Geography of Phytochemical Races

More documents

Recommendations

Info

288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 Compounds 581–589, acetylene derivatives from Ambrosia chamissonis 7.2 Blennosperma (Asteraceae) Blennosperma was encountered above as part of the trans-Pacifi c disjunction of the Blennospermatinae (pp.). Three species (four taxa) comprise this small genus, the South American B. chilense Less., and the western North American B. bakeri Heiser, B. nanum (Hook.) S. F. Blake var. nanum and B. nanum var. robustum J. Howell. The fl avonoid profi les of B. chilense, B. bakeri and B. nanum var. nanum were shown to be identical (Ornduff et al., 1973b) in their possession of quercetin 3-O-glucoside, a quercetin 3-O-diglycoside (probably a rhamnosylglucoside), and luteolin 7-O-glucoside.
7.3 Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) 289 Blennosperma nanum var. robustum lacked the fl avone, but exhibited the fl avonol glycosides plus cyanidin 3-O-monoglycoside [structure 561] in some individuals. 7.3 Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) Chrysosplenium enjoys a distribution that qualifi es it for inclusion in several categories in this review. Members are known from northern Europe, North America, eastern Asia (principally Japan), and extreme southern South America. The similar fl avonoid chemistry of the eastern North American–western North American species pair C. americanum and C. glechomaefolium was mentioned earlier, along with comments on apparent fl avonoid differences between sections Alternifolia and Oppositifolia. Of interest here is the one South American species (there are two) for which we have some fl avonoid data (Bohm and Collins, 1979). Analysis of a specimen of C. valdivicum W. J. Hooker afforded four compounds, three of which yielded isorhamnetin, glucose, and rhamnose on total hydrolysis and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside on partial hydrolysis, suggesting the presence of rhamnosylglucosides, for example, [590] (see Fig. 7.3 for structures 590–601). The fourth compound was identifi ed as kaempferol 3-methyl ether [591]. There was no indication of the more highly substituted fl avonols isolated from other Chrysosplenium species, that is, compounds possessing extra hydroxylation on both the A- and B-rings and O-methylation, for example, 5,2′-dihydroxy-3,7,4′,5′tetramethoxyfl avone [592], a compound known from C. grayanum, one of the Asian species. The pattern observed in C. valdivicum is the simplest array of fl avonols reported from any member of the genus, and thus could be taken as support for Hara’s (1957) view that C. valdivicum, with its array of “archaic” features, resembles the prototype of the genus. Following O. R. Gottlieb’s (1986, 1990) ideas concerning level of oxidation and degree of “advancement” of a fl avonoid profi le, the picture we see in the C. valdivicum is of a set of compounds with an oxygenation pattern characteristic of the basic fl avonoid structure, compared to the more complex fl avonoids from the genus that have extra oxygenation on both the A-ring (6-oxygenation) and B-ring (2′-oxygenation), and in several cases both. The diffi culty with this interpretation, as pointed out by Gornall and Bohm (1978), is that a simple oxygenation pattern may also be arrived at by loss of biosynthetic capabilities, and thus represent a derived, or specialized, situation. A recent phylogeny of the genus (Soltis et al., 2001) revealed that the South American taxa are most closely related to species from eastern Asia. In terms of fl avonoid profi les, this requires us to reappraise the signifi cance of the simple compounds. Thus, as suggested above, the simple fl avonoid glycoside profi le of C. valdivicum appears to represent a loss of biosynthetic capacities, in particular, extra oxygenation, and not a simple profi le to which structural features were added in later stages of evolution.
Page 2 and 3:
The Geography of Phytochemical Race
Page 4 and 5:
Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
Page 6 and 7:
Acknowledgments I thank many worker
Page 8 and 9:
x Abstract which biosynthetic step
Page 10 and 11:
xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
Page 12 and 13:
xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
Page 14 and 15:
xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
Page 16 and 17:
xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
Page 18 and 19:
2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
Page 20 and 21:
4 2 Examples Within Continents Fig.
Page 22 and 23:
6 2 Examples Within Continents Fig.
Page 24 and 25:
8 2 Examples Within Continents each
Page 26 and 27:
10 2 Examples Within Continents of
Page 28 and 29:
12 2 Examples Within Continents can
Page 30 and 31:
14 2 Examples Within Continents (4)
Page 32 and 33:
16 2 Examples Within Continents Fig
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
20 2 Examples Within Continents Tab
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
24 2 Examples Within Continents Kno
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
28 2 Examples Within Continents pre
Page 46 and 47:
30 2 Examples Within Continents ear
Page 48 and 49:
32 2 Examples Within Continents div
Page 50 and 51:
34 2 Examples Within Continents zon
Page 52 and 53:
36 2 Examples Within Continents Mas
Page 54 and 55:
38 2 Examples Within Continents nat
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
44 2 Examples Within Continents 2.3
Page 62 and 63:
46 2 Examples Within Continents sou
Page 64 and 65:
48 2 Examples Within Continents was
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
56 2 Examples Within Continents wel
Page 74 and 75:
58 2 Examples Within Continents thy
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
66 2 Examples Within Continents und
Page 84 and 85:
68 2 Examples Within Continents pop
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
82 2 Examples Within Continents Mos
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
88 2 Examples Within Continents The
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
92 2 Examples Within Continents Lak
Page 110 and 111:
94 2 Examples Within Continents tha
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
98 2 Examples Within Continents and
Page 116 and 117:
100 2 Examples Within Continents Ar
Page 118 and 119:
102 2 Examples Within Continents st
Page 120 and 121:
104 2 Examples Within Continents co
Page 122 and 123:
106 2 Examples Within Continents Fi
Page 124 and 125:
108 2 Examples Within Continents wi
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
112 2 Examples Within Continents al
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
116 2 Examples Within Continents Ch
Page 134 and 135:
118 2 Examples Within Continents Ta
Page 136 and 137:
120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
Page 138 and 139:
122 2 Examples Within Continents un
Page 140 and 141:
Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
Page 142 and 143:
3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
Page 144 and 145:
3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
Page 146 and 147:
3.1 North America 131 been found to
Page 148 and 149:
3.1 North America 133 structural ty
Page 150 and 151:
3.1 North America 135 Two species c
Page 152 and 153:
3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
Page 154 and 155:
3.1 North America 139 allele freque
Page 156 and 157:
3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
Page 158 and 159:
3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
Page 160 and 161:
3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
Page 162 and 163:
3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
Page 164 and 165:
3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
Page 166 and 167:
3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
Page 168 and 169:
3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
Page 170 and 171:
3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
Page 172 and 173:
3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
Page 174 and 175:
3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
Page 176 and 177:
3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
Page 178 and 179:
3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
Page 180 and 181:
3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
Page 182 and 183:
3.4 South America 167 historic time
Page 184 and 185:
3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
Page 186 and 187:
3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
Page 188 and 189:
174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
218 5 Wide Disjunctions consisting
Page 234 and 235:
220 5 Wide Disjunctions and, unrela
Page 236 and 237:
222 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.3 Co
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
226 5 Wide Disjunctions differences
Page 242 and 243:
228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been i
Page 244 and 245:
230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
234 5 Wide Disjunctions Southern He
Page 250 and 251:
236 5 Wide Disjunctions obtained. E
Page 252 and 253: 238 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.4 O
Page 254 and 255: 240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
Page 256 and 257: 242 5 Wide Disjunctions comparable
Page 258 and 259: 244 5 Wide Disjunctions J. Agardh f
Page 260 and 261: 246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
Page 262 and 263: 248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
Page 264 and 265: 250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
Page 268 and 269: 254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
Page 270 and 271: 256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
Page 274 and 275: 260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
Page 276 and 277: 262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
Page 278 and 279: 264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
Page 280 and 281: 266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
Page 282 and 283: 268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
Page 284 and 285: 270 6 Oceanic Islands appropriate p
Page 286 and 287: 272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
Page 288 and 289: 274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
Page 290 and 291: 276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
Page 292 and 293: 278 6 Oceanic Islands the present c
Page 294 and 295: 280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
Page 296 and 297: 282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
Page 298 and 299: 284 6 Oceanic Islands to support re
Page 300 and 301: 286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
Page 304 and 305: 290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
Page 306 and 307: 292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
Page 308 and 309: 294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
Page 310 and 311: 296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
Page 312 and 313: Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
Page 314 and 315: 302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
Page 316 and 317: 304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
Page 318 and 319: 306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
Page 320 and 321: 308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
Page 322 and 323: 310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
Page 324 and 325: 312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
Page 326 and 327: 314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
Page 328 and 329: 316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
Page 330 and 331: 318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
Page 332 and 333: 320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
Page 334 and 335: 322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
Page 336 and 337: 324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
Page 338 and 339: 326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
Page 340 and 341: 328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
Page 342 and 343: 330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
Page 344 and 345: 332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
Page 346 and 347: 334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
Page 348 and 349: 336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
Page 350 and 351: Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
Page 352 and 353:
Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
Page 354 and 355:
Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
Page 356 and 357:
346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
Page 358:
348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
show all

The Geography of Phytochemical Races

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?