The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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232 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.7 Compounds 454–470, various compounds from species of Marchantia, Mastigophora and Makinoa 5.2.10 Mastigophora diclados (Mastigopharaceae) Mastigophora diclados (Brid.) Nees, a liverwort that occurs in the mountains of tropical Asia, has been studied for its chemical constituents by Asakawa and his colleagues. Accessions from two disjunct sites in Malaysia were examined, one from Sabah State (1900–2500 m on Mt. Kinabalu) and one in West Malaysia from Pahang State (1500 m on Mt. Reskit). The East Malaysian material afforded compounds of the sort here exemplifi ed by α-herbertenol [460] and mastifophorene-A [461]
5.2 Nonvascular Plants 233 (see Fig. 5.7 for structures 459–465). Variations on the hybertane-type involved the number of hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring, which ranged from none to three. The second set of compounds, the mastigophorones, varied in the nature of the interaromatic ring linkage (Asakawa et al., 1991). Subsequently, Leong and Harrison (1997) investigated a sample of the liverwort from West Malaysia. Neither of the compound types described from eastern plants was observed. Three other compounds were observed, however, and shown to be the known ent- trachyloban- 18-oic acid [462] and ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid [463], and the new ent-18hydroxytrachyloban-19-oic acid [464]. As in many, if not most, of the situations described in this review, no explanation for the chemical differences between the two populations is evident (or was offered). Trachylobane derivatives are rare natural products, but one, ent-3β,18-dihydroxytrachyloban-19-oic acid [465], has been reported from the liverwort Jungermannia exsertifolia Steph. subsp. cordifolia (Dum.) Vána by Harrison and Asakawa (1989). It is of interest to note that herbertane-type sesquiterpenes, for example, structures based on [460], have also been reported from M. diclados collected in Taiwan (Chau and Wu, 1987). 5.2.11 Makinoa crispata (Makinoaceae) Makinoa crispata (Steph.) Miyake from Japan was shown by Hashimoto et al. (1989) to contain diterpene derivatives of the sort illustrated as [466–469] (see Fig. 5.7 for structures). More recently, Liu and Wu (1997) reported the presence of the rearranged abietane-type diterpenoid derivative “makanin” [470] from plant material of M. crispata collected on Taiwan. Of note was the apparent absence of any of these compounds in the Japanese plants. 5.2.12 Brown Algae Members of Phaeophyta, the brown algae, have been shown to accumulate, in considerable amounts in some cases, polyphenolic compounds called phlorotannins. These oligomeric compounds are constructed from phloroglucinol (1,3,5trihydroxybenzene) units linked by ether and/or carbon-carbon bonds. The reader is referred to a review of these compounds written by Ragan and Glombitza (1986). Extensive studies of brown algae, mostly involving northern temperate taxa, have established the important part that phlorotannins play in defending plants against herbivory (Estes and Steinberg, 1988; Steinberg, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988). One of the conclusions reached was that the comparatively low level of phlorotannin production in many northern kelps and fucoids was due to the contribution made by sea otters in controlling the number of herbivores. In that scenario, the algae are considered to be under lower selection pressure to produce high levels of feeding deterrent chemicals. Estes and Steinberg (1988) suggested that the levels of phlorotannins in
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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Page 260 and 261: 246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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