The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been identifi ed as a component of a collection of a different chemotype from northern Germany. Further variations on the sesquiterpene theme were reported by Melching et al. (1999) from a specimen collected near Vorarlberg, Austria; two compounds of the aromadendrene type were identifi ed: (−)-aromadendran- 5-ol [432] and (+)-aromadendr-4-en-12-ol [433]. 5.2.7 Adelanthus decipiens (Adelanthaceae) Adelanthus decipiens (Hook.) Mitt. is another liverwort that exists in widely separated locales, in this instance, northern Europe and the Southern Hemisphere (Asakawa and Inoue, 1987). It reaches its northern limit in western Great Britain. Rycroft et al. (1998) studied the chloroform-soluble components of three specimens collected from different sites in Scotland and herbarium specimens representing sites in Wales, Ireland, Colombia, and Ecuador. The procedure employed by these workers involves extraction of the dry plant material with deuterochloroform (CDCl 3 ) followed directly by analysis by proton NMR. This procedure yields a “fi ngerprint” of the individual specimens as well as provides important clues to the structure of the major component(s) (Rycroft, 1996). An added benefi t is the capacity to work with very small amounts of plant material, often less than 100 mg. Coupling this extraction procedure with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis provides a powerful method as shown by the acquisition of interpretable spectra from a sample of A. decipiens weighing 7 mg. The use of small samples taken from herbarium specimens, an approach discussed by Phillipson (1982), enables the study of material from sites otherwise diffi cult of access. Specimens of Adelanthus yielded a moderately complex array of phenolic compounds based either upon acetophenone or naphthalene, although not all compounds were seen in each specimen. Structures of the compounds identifi ed are shown in Fig. 5.6. The geographic origin of the plant specimens from which individual compounds came is presented in Table 5.2. Plants from all areas tested have the capacity to make naphthalene derivatives, with these the only type seen is the specimen from Wales. Although all other specimens exhibited acetophenone derivatives, there is a good deal of variation with regard to which compounds are accumulated and what their relative concentrations are. Even in specimens from the same general area, the fi rst two listed specimens from Scotland, for example, differences in relative concentrations of certain were noted. It is always tempting to excuse differences (inter- as well as intrasite) on the basis of small sample size, but that possibility is not likely to carry much weight in the present situation in view of the array of compounds from the 7-mg sample from Wales. In short, the data likely represent a fair appraisal of the accumulation tendencies of plants from these areas. It would be interesting to learn how much variation there is among individuals within populations and what variation there may be between seasons. With the effi cient methods employed by Rycroft and his coworkers, this information should not be diffi cult to obtain.
5.2 Nonvascular Plants 229 Fig. 5.6 Compounds 434–453, acetophenone and naphthalene derivatives from Adelanthus 5.2.8 Plagiochila (Plagiochilaceae) The fi rst example, involving a disjunction of at least 2000 km, features the liverwort Plagiochila killarniensis Pears. This species, which reaches its northernmost extent of range in Britain, was collected for the present study from several sites in Scotland
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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4 2 Examples Within Continents Fig.
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120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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176 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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Page 260 and 261: 246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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