The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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224 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.4 Compounds 406–424, lichen acids and other compounds from species of Lobaria, Bazzania, and Conocephalum represent interesting and challenging problems for the bryogeographer. One of the approaches to understanding possible evolutionary relationships among the various populations of these systems has been the study of their micromolecular components. The examples given below demonstrate admirably the rich array of chemical characters that exist and their potential usefulness. Species of Bazzania have been shown to be a rich source of terpene derivatives. Bazzania trilobata is no exception as evidenced by the identifi cation of no less than 44 compounds from European collections, and 29 from plants collected in North America (Warmers and König, 1999). The major differences between plants from the two sides
5.2 Nonvascular Plants 225 of the Atlantic were the presence of (+)-cis-2-hydroxycalamenene [412] from the former, and (−)-δ-cuparenol [413] from the latter (see Fig. 5.4 for structures). This difference is interesting, in that it is akin to the observations of Konecny et al. (1985) that this liverwort collected in Czechoslovakia afforded compound [412], whereas material obtained from Japan yielded compound [413]. 5.2.6 Conocephalum conicum (Conocephalaceae) The fi rst indication that Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum., a thallous liverwort widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, consisted of geographically separated chemical races came from study of two widely separated collections by Markham et al. (1976). Plant material from Germany (Saarland) and the United States (Washington State) exhibited not only several fl avonoid derivatives in common but also compounds unique to each site. The arrays of compounds held in common were identifi ed as O-glycosides of apigenin [414], luteolin [415], and luteolin 3′-methyl ether (chrysoeriol) [416], and the fl avone di-C-glycosides apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucooside (vicenin-2) [417] and luteolin 6,8-di-C-glucoside (lucenin-2) [418] (see Fig. 5.4 for structures). The O-linked sugar was glucuronic acid in all cases, with additional rhamnose residues in some. The distribution of these compounds in shown in Table 5.1. Subsequently, Porter (1981) expanded the survey by looking at specimens collected over a much larger part of the range of the species: 23 sites in Europe, fi ve in North America, and six in Asia. The majority of compounds identifi ed were again revealed as derivatives of apigenin, luteolin, and chrysoeriol, with the major Flavonea Table 5.1 Comparison of fl avones of Conocephalum conicum specimens from North America and Germany North America Germany Vicenin-2 + + Lucenin-2 + + Apigenin 7-Gln + + Luteolin 7-Gln + + Chrysoeriol 7-Gln + + Apigenin 7-Gln-4′-Rhm + + Luteolin 7-Gln-4′-Rhm + + Chrysoeriol 7-Gln-4′-Rhm + + Apigenin 7,4′-diGln − + Luteolin 7,4′-diGln − + Apigenin 7-diGln-4′-Rhm − + Luteolin 7,3′-diGln + − Luteolin 7-Gln-3′,4′-diRhm + − Two Luteolin 7-Gln derivatives + − a Vicinin-2 and lucenin-2 = apigenin and luteolin 6,8-di C-glucosides; Gln = glucuronic acid; Rhm = rhamnose.
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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4 2 Examples Within Continents Fig.
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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